Sosialisasi Pentingnya Afirmasi Positif Guna Mempersiapkan Proses Lancar Laktasi Sejak Dini Melalui Media E-Konseling

ABSTRAK Rendahnya prosentase pemberian ASI eksklusif di Kabupaten Pemalang yaitu sebesar 36,4%. Kurangnya dukungan untuk menyusui menjadi salah satu faktor penyebab tidak tercapainaya angka cakupan pemberian ASI Eksklusif. Untuk itu perlu adanya usaha bagi ibu untuk menciptakan suatu kondisi yang positif sedini mungkin didalam diri ibu pribadi guna mendukung terlaksananya proses laktasi sejak dini yang nyaman. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini dilakukan guna membantu meningkatkan pengetahuan para kader yang nantinya akan membantu Bidan dalam melakukan pendidikan kesehatan kepada para ibu hamil khusunya di masa pandemi ini untuk tetap bisa mendapatkan informasi kesehatan seputar persiapan proses laktasi. Metode yang digunakan yaitu dengan memberikan sosialisasi dalam bentuk pendidikan kesehatan kepada kader dengan tetap mematuhi protokol kesehtan di masa pandemi Covid-19 yaitu dengan pemberian e-konseling. Sosialisasi dilakukan kepada para kader kesehatan yang ada di paguyuban posyandu Kecamatan Randudongkal, Kabupaten Pemalang. Hasil yang diperoleh dari sosialisasi ini adanya peningkatan pengetahuan kader tentang pemberian afirmasi positif guna mempersiapkan proses lancer laktasi sejak dini, dimana sebagian besar kader memiliki pengetahuan yang baik yaitu sebesar 87,5%. Saran bagi para kader agar bisa memberikan pengetahuan yang didapat dalam sosialisasi ini kepada kader lain dan ibu hamil. Kata Kunci: Afirmasi positif, Hipnolaktasi, Hypnobreastfeeding, Menyusui ABSTRACT The low percentage of exclusive breastfeeding in Pemalang Regency is 36.4%. The lack of support for breastfeeding is one of the factors causing the non-achievement of exclusive breastfeeding coverage. For this reason, it is necessary for mothers to create a positive condition as early as in the mother personally to support the implementation of a comfortable early lactation process. This community service activity is carried out to help increase the knowledge of cadres who will later assist midwives in conducting health education to pregnant women, especially during this pandemic so that they can still get health information about preparing for the lactation process. The method used is socialization in the form of health education to cadres by complying with health protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic, namely by offering e-counseling. The socialization was carried out to health cadres in the community posyandu, Randudongkal District, Pemalang Regency. The results obtained from this socialization were an increase in the knowledge of cadres about giving positive affirmations to prepare for a smooth lactation process from an early age, where most of the cadres had good knowledge of 87.5%. Suggestions for cadres to be able to provide the knowledge gained in this socialization to other cadres and pregnant women. Keywords: Positive Affirmations, Hypnolactation, Hypnobreastfeeding, Breastfeeding

Alterations in the Hemato-biochemical, Endocrine, Somatic Cell Count and Milk Composition in Lactating Tarai Buffaloes during Different Lactation Stages

Background: Tarai buffalo is indigenous buffalo breed of Uttarakhand state, dual purpose, well adapt to hot-humid climatic condition of Tarai area. This study aimed to evaluate the alterations in the hemato-biochemical, endocrine, milk somatic cell count and milk composition in lactating Tarai buffaloes. Methods: Thirty-six healthy Tarai buffaloes were selected from four different Gujjar farms and divided into four groups consisting nine buffaloes in each group as early (60±30 days), mid (120±30 days) and late (180±30 days) lactation stages and dry buffaloes. Both blood and milk samples were collected once from each lactation stage of selected animals. Hematological parameters and milk composition were evaluated by standard procedures and methods. Biochemical and endocrine parameters were evaluated using commercially available kits as per manufacturer’s protocol. Milk somatic cell count (SCC) was done by direct microscopic counts using Newman Lampert stain. Result: It observed significantly (p less than 0.05) higher TLC value but lower plasma glucose, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus and urea levels during early lactation stage. Significantly (p less than 0.05) declined in plasma total protein during late lactation stage and triglyceride in dry cows. Plasma hormone significantly (p less than 0.05) higher in cortisol during early lactation while higher T4 and insulin in late lactation stages. Milk fat, urea and total solids were significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased during early lactation and again increased during late lactation while milk SCC significantly (p less than 0.05) higher during early and late lactation stages.

Estimation of Energy Expenditure in Breeding Cows Grazing Rangelands with Different Herbage Allowance

The energy partitioning between total heat production (HP) and retained energy (RE) on the efficiency of energy use was evaluated throughout the annual production cycle (gestation-lactation) of 46 multiparous beef cows grazing on two herbage allowances (HA) of Campos grassland (4 vs. 7 kg dry matter/kg body weight; BW; LO vs. HI). Total RE was greater (P < 0.01) for HI than LO cows and presented minimum values during early gestation and maximum values during early lactation associated to the greater (P = 0.02) RE-milk in the former ones. Whole-animal HP, estimated by the heart rate-O2 pulse technique, and cow metabolized energy (ME) intake did not differ between HA treatments, but relative to BW0.75, HP was greater (P = 0.04) for LO than HI cows. Total HP and ME intake were minimum in gestation and maximum in early lactation and ME intake was greater during early lactation for HI than LO cows, and per unit of BW0.75, tended (P < 0.10) to be less for HI than LO cows in winter. The energy efficiency of the annual cycle was not affected by treatments (0.19 vs. 0.12 ± 0.02 for HI and LO respectively; P > 0.10) and there were no differences between treatments in terms of grams of calf per MJ of ME intake (P > 0.10). Management of grazing intensity of Campos grasslands with high herbage allowance improved energy balance of the beef cow-calf system through partitioning of cow ME intake towards RE instead of maintenance.

Random Regression Model for Genetic Evaluation and Early Selection in the Iranian Holstein Population

The objective of this study was to use a model to predict breeding values for sires and cows at an early stage of the first lactation of cows and progeny groups in the Iranian Holstein population to enable the early selection of sires. An additional objective was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters associated with this model. The accuracy of predicted breeding values was investigated using cross-validation based on sequential genetic evaluations emulating yearly evaluation runs. The data consisted of 2,166,925 test-day records from 456,712 cows calving between 1990 and 2015. (Co)-variance components and breeding values were estimated using a random regression test-day model and the average information (AI) restricted maximum likelihood method (REML). Legendre polynomial functions of order three were chosen to fit the additive genetic and permanent environmental effects, and a homogeneous residual variance was assumed throughout lactation. The lowest heritability of daily milk yield was estimated to be just under 0.14 in early lactation, and the highest heritability of daily milk yield was estimated to be 0.18 in mid-lactation. Cross-validation showed a highly positive correlation of predicted breeding values between consecutive yearly evaluations for both cows and sires. Correlation between predicted breeding values based only on records of early lactation (5–90 days) and records including late lactation (181–305 days) were 0.77–0.87 for cows and 0.81–0.94 for sires. These results show that we can select sires according to their daughters’ early lactation information before they finish the first lactation. This can be used to decrease generation interval and to increase genetic gain in the Iranian Holstein population.

Integrated Metabolomics and Proteomics Dynamics of Serum Samples Reveals Dietary Zeolite Clinoptilolite Supplementation Restores Energy Balance in High Yielding Dairy Cows

Dairy cows can suffer from a negative energy balance (NEB) during their transition from the dry period to early lactation, which can increase the risk of postpartum diseases such as clinical ketosis, mastitis, and fatty liver. Zeolite clinoptilolite (CPL), due to its ion-exchange property, has often been used to treat NEB in animals. However, limited information is available on the dynamics of global metabolomics and proteomic profiles in serum that could provide a better understanding of the associated altered biological pathways in response to CPL. Thus, in the present study, a total 64 serum samples were collected from 8 control and 8 CPL-treated cows at different time points in the prepartum and postpartum stages. Labelled proteomics and untargeted metabolomics resulted in identification of 64 and 21 differentially expressed proteins and metabolites, respectively, which appear to play key roles in restoring energy balance (EB) after CPL supplementation. Joint pathway and interaction analysis revealed cross-talks among valproic acid, leucic acid, glycerol, fibronectin, and kinninogen-1, which could be responsible for restoring NEB. By using a global proteomics and metabolomics strategy, the present study concluded that CPL supplementation could lower NEB in just a few weeks, and explained the possible underlying pathways employed by CPL.

Associations between Circulating IGF-1 Concentrations, Disease Status and the Leukocyte Transcriptome in Early Lactation Dairy Cows

Peripartum dairy cows commonly experience negative energy balance (EB) and immunosuppression together with high incidences of infectious and metabolic disease. This study investigated mechanisms linking EB status with immune defense in early lactation. Data were collected from multiparous Holstein cows from six herds and leukocyte transcriptomes were analyzed using RNA sequencing. Global gene expression was related to circulating IGF-1 (as a biomarker for EB) by subdividing animals into three groups, defined as IGF-1 LOW (<35 ng/mL, n = 35), MODERATE (35–100 ng/mL, n = 92) or HIGH (>100 ng/mL, n = 43) at 14 ± 4 days in milk (DIM). Differentially expressed genes between groups were identified using CLC Genomics Workbench V21, followed by cluster and KEGG pathway analysis, focusing on the comparison between LOW and HIGH IGF-1 cows. LOW cows were older and had significantly lower dry matter intakes and EB values, whereas HIGH cows produced more milk. During the first 35 DIM, 63% of LOW cows had more than one health problem vs. 26% HIGH cows, including more with clinical mastitis and uterine infections. Gene expression analysis indicated that leukocytes in LOW cows switched energy metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis (PGM, LDH, and PDK4). Many antimicrobial peptides were up-regulated in LOW cows (e.g., PTX3, DMBT1, S100A8, and S100A9) together with genes associated with inflammation, platelet activation and the complement cascade. HIGH cows had greater expression of genes regulating T and B cell function and the cytoskeleton. Overall, results suggested an ongoing cycle of poor EB and higher infection rates in LOW IGF-1 cows which was reflected in altered leukocyte functionality and reduced milk production.

Manipulation of the pre-partum diet of dairy cows to promote early adaptation to perennial ryegrass herbage

The diet of dairy cows in Ireland traditionally changes abruptly from predominantly pasture silage before calving to grazed perennial ryegrass immediately after calving. This potentially leads to problems with adaptation of microbes in the rumen with consequences of reduced intake and ultimately lower milk production. This experiment aimed to determine if introducing first-lactation dairy cows to perennial ryegrass herbage in the final weeks of pregnancy, thus eliminating a major dietary change at calving, could improve the adaptation process, potentially increasing dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production in early lactation. Three weeks prior to their expected calving date, 14 spring calving dairy cows were assigned to one of two treatments (n = 7): pasture silage pre-partum and perennial ryegrass herbage post-partum, or perennial ryegrass herbage both pre- and post-partum. Treatment diets were fed for 11 (±7) d pre-partum and for 14 (±0) d post-partum. For both treatments, DMI increased post-partum, but there was no difference between treatments, pre- or post-partum (5.9 and 8.8 kg DM/cow per day, respectively). There were no differences in milk yield or composition between the treatments. Body condition score declined following parturition but there were no differences between treatments. Plasma non-esterified fatty acids, glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate were also unaffected by treatment but did indicate a state of negative energy balance in early lactation. The results of this experiment suggest that pre-partum adaptation to perennial ryegrass herbage would not benefit milk production in first-lactation dairy cows in early lactation in Irish dairy farms employing this system.

Evaluating the effects of fibrolytic enzymes on rumen fermentation, omasal nutrient flow, and production performance in dairy cows during early lactation

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of pre-treating a barley-silage-based diet with an exogenous fibrolytic enzyme derived from Trichoderma reesei (FETR, a mixture of xylanase and cellulase) on lactation performance, omasal nutrient flow and digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, and rumen pH profile in Holstein dairy cows during early lactation. The dairy trial was conducted using nine Holstein dairy cows (averaging 46 ± 24 days in milk and 697 ± 69 kg body weight, six cows were fitted with a rumen cannula, and three were non-cannulated). Two groups of cows were randomly assigned to each of the dietary treatments in a crossover design: control (without FETR supplementation) and supplemented [with 0.75 mL of FETR·kg−1 dry matter (DM) of the diet based on our previous study]. The application of FETR tended to decrease the DM intake compared with control. There were no effects of FETR (P > 0. 10) on omasal nutrient flow and digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, and rumen pH profile. In conclusion, this study lacks evidence that the fibrolytic enzyme (at a level of 0.75 mL of FETR·kg−1 DM) can affect nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and the performance of early-lactation cows. Further study with larger animal trials are needed.