Who Bears the Burden of a Pandemic? COVID-19 and the Transfer of Risk to Digital Platform Workers

In this paper, we analyze the recessionary effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on digital platform workers. The crisis has been described as a great work-from-home experiment, with platform ecosystems positing as its most advanced form. Our analysis differentiates the direct (health) and indirect (economic) risks incurred by workers, to critically assess the portrayal of platforms as buffers against crisis-induced layoffs. We submit that platform-mediated labor may eventually increase precarity, without necessarily reducing health risks for workers. Our argument is based on a comparison of the three main categories of platform work—“on-demand labor” (gigs such as delivery and transportation), “online labor” (tasks performed remotely, such as data annotation), and “social networking labor” (content generation and moderation). We discuss the strategies that platforms deploy to transfer risk from clients onto workers, thus deepening existing power imbalances between them. These results question the problematic equivalence between work-from-home and platform labor. Instead of attaining the advantages of the former in terms of direct and indirect risk mitigation, an increasing number of platformized jobs drift toward high economic and insuppressible health risks.

Examining the Translation and the Interpretation of Ᾱμπɛλος (Ampelos) and κλῆμᾱ(Klema) as Bobe and Ban/Mman in John 15:1-5 of the Asante-Twi Bible

Jesus used the vine in the last of his “I AM” predictions in the gospel of John. In this discourse, Jesus used the vine which was familiar to his audience for better understanding and appreciation of God’s word. Great work has been done on the analogy of the vine by scholars and theologians however, little work has been done on the translation of the Greek words, ᾱμπɛλος (ampelos) and κλῆμᾱ (klema) as used in the Asante-Twi Bible. Using the mother-tongue biblical hermeneutics methodology, this article examines the translation and interpretation of ᾱμπɛλος and κλῆμᾱ in the Asante-Twi Bible in comparison with five Ghanaian mother-tongue Bibles namely, the Akuapem-Twi Bible, the Fante Bible, and the Ga, Ewe and the Frafra Bibles. The findings show that translators used varied approaches to render ᾱμπɛλος and κλῆμᾱ to suit the understanding of the indigenes. Some translators used transliteration or literal approach, others coined their own words having consulted the indigenes about better terminologies that will suit their understanding of some difficult texts. This article makes a contribution to the need to re-translate and re-interpret the words bobe and ban particularly in the Asante-Twi Bible to avoid speculation. KEYWORDS: Mother-tongue, translation, interpretation, Asante-Twi

Die invloed van die lojaliteite en onderliggende vertaalfilosofie van die vertaler op die vertaalkeuses, met verwysing na die Afr2020 Bybelvertaling

The influence of the translator’s loyalties and underlying translation philosophy on the translation choices, with reference to the Afr2020 Bible translation. When the reader looks a little deeper than the initial superficial ‘Revised’ Old Translation impression that reading the Afrikaans 2020 translation gives you, then one realizes that a great deal of effort had to be put into leading such a large group of diverse translators to understand the essence of a direct translation and to be able to apply it consistently. But it is precisely here that problems can arise. Due to the nature of skopus and the style of the Afrikaans 2020 translation, this direct translation can be categorised on the side of the more literal translations and it thus has a very high percentage of agreement with the 1953 Old Afrikaans translation. If the direct translation is not just another name or a revision of the so-called word-for-word translation, then what is this direct translation? Van der Merwe referring to this translation also touches on this issue when he says: ‘a ‘direct’ translation of the Bible is not new jargon for a word-for-word translation of the Bible. It is an attempt to ‘interpretively resemble’ in good idiomatic Afrikaans all the communicative clues of the source text in the contexts construed for the source text audience’. This underlying fundamental premise brings a lot of tension to the fore. Van der Merwe also confirms this (2014:294) by stating: ‘attempts to translate ancient texts directly (is) an almost impossible ideal (to) pursue’.Contribution: This study evaluated the Afrikaans 2020 translation according to its own criteria, the translation brief and to its self-proclaimed nature as ‘direct’ translation in order to try to make an objective evaluation and assessment of this great work. This process also pointed out where the loyalties of the translators lie, and what the underlying translation philosophy is, and how difficult it is to make a distinction between the direct translation method and using archaic words and terms.

تکملہ فتح الملہم شرح صحیح مسلم میں مفتی محمد تقی عثمانی کی ترجیحی آراء کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Fathul Munhim is a great work in the area of Hadith Sciences and its Explanations which was initiated by a Renowned Scholar Allama Shabbir Ahmad Usmani. “Due to demise of the Author that was accomplished by a well-known scholar of this age. Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani, who is famous for his Contributions to Fiqh, Hadith, Islamic Banking & Finance, etc. his explanatory work in Hadith literature has been appreciated and acknowledged by great scholars. This article elaborates and analysis his different methods and styles in Hadith explanations regarding lexical and literal meaning of Hadith words, juristic opinions and arguments preferred opinions and arguments preferred opinions “Clarifications of ambiguities and his explanation of many modern & contemporary issues".

Language-Games in the Later Philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein

<p>1.1 When I first looked, into Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations I felt not so much that this was great work, but that it was alive and exciting, a going concern. I next learned of its difficulty; it seemed to me then (as it does now) that Wittgenstein omitted all the preliminary easy bits that we usually find in philosophy books and, treated only of the very difficult problems which concerned him. That this was great philosophy had to be accepted, for most of the people I knew of as top philosophers said so. Its acknowledged greatness was not, however, the primary reason, nor even an important reason, for my continued reading of Wittgenstein's work it was the enigmatic style and. the strange feeling of depth in the remarks; I felt they really did say something glorious, make a powerful gesture (cf., PI, *610), if I could only figure out what.</p>

Language-Games in the Later Philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein

<p>1.1 When I first looked, into Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations I felt not so much that this was great work, but that it was alive and exciting, a going concern. I next learned of its difficulty; it seemed to me then (as it does now) that Wittgenstein omitted all the preliminary easy bits that we usually find in philosophy books and, treated only of the very difficult problems which concerned him. That this was great philosophy had to be accepted, for most of the people I knew of as top philosophers said so. Its acknowledged greatness was not, however, the primary reason, nor even an important reason, for my continued reading of Wittgenstein's work it was the enigmatic style and. the strange feeling of depth in the remarks; I felt they really did say something glorious, make a powerful gesture (cf., PI, *610), if I could only figure out what.</p>

Posłowie wobec problemu reformy prawa sądowego w pierwszym roku obrad Sejmu Wielkiego w świetle diariuszy sejmowych Jana Pawła Łuszczewskiego i Antoniego Siarczyńskiego

Deputies against the problem of judicial law reform in the first year of the session of the Grand Sejm, in the light of the parliamentary diaries by Jan Paweł Łuszczewski and Antoni Siarczyński In 1788, in the face of the deepening crisis of the state and the real threat of losing sovereign existence, an extraordinary Sejm was convened in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, whose decisions and reforms were to save the independence of the state, while at the same time thoroughly modernising it. This congregation went down in history as the Four-Year or Grand Sejm, which many saw and still see as an appreciation of its great work. One of the actions taken was a profound reform of judicial law, the anachronistic nature of which was a significant cause of the country’s weakness and the problems of its citizens. Ultimately, however, somewhat paradoxically, the glorious and greatest achievement of the assembly — adopting a constitution — resulted in a civil war, a military conflict with a powerful neighbor — Tsarist Russia, and the liquidation of the Polish state. The aforementioned basic law devoted one of its articles to the judiciary, obliging it to create a new legal code. However, this commitment was never fulfilled. The question of why this happened is still open. The attempt to answer this question is part of the fundamental dispute over the causes of the collapse and liquidation of the state, a discourse that has provoked passionate polemics for decades. The author made an attempt to take his own position on this issue, based on the results of the undertaken research. He conducted a thorough analysis of exceptionally valuable sources such as the Sejm diaries, which constitute a record of the deputies’ speeches at the forum of the plenary Sejm sessions, similar to modern meeting records. In the actions and attitudes of the nation’s representatives, at the moment of his greatest attempt, he tried to find the key to resolving the dispute. Die Abgeordneten angesichts der Frage der Reform des Gerichtsrechts im ersten Tagungsjahr des Großen Sejm anhand der Sejm-Protokollbücher von Jan Paweł Łuszczewski und Antoni Siarczyński In Anbetracht der sich vertiefenden Krise des Staates und der realen Gefahr, die Souveränität zu verlieren, wurde im Jahr 1788 in der Republik beider Nationen der außerordentliche Sejm einberufen, dessen Entscheidungen und Reformen die Unabhängigkeit des Staates retten und ihn dabei tief modernisieren sollten. Diese Versammlung schrieb Geschichte als der Vierjährige oder Große Sejm, worin viele die Anerkennung der Größe seiner Werke sahen und sehen. Eine der eingeschlagenen Richtungen seiner Tätigkeit war die Reform des Gerichtsrechts, dessen veralteter Charakter einen wichtigen Grund für die Schwächen des Staates und die Probleme seiner Bürger darstellte. Letztendlich jedoch, ein wenig paradox, führte der lobenswerte und wichtigste Erfolg der Versammlung — die Verabschiedung der Verfassung — zum Ausbruch des Hauskrieges, zum militärischen Konflikt mit dem großen Nachbar — Zarenrussland und zur Auflösung des Staates. Ein der Artikel dieses Grundgesetzes wurde der rechtsprechenden Gewalt gewidmet und verpflichtete dazu, ein neues Gesetzbuch zu verfassen. Dieser Verpflichtung ist jedoch nie nachgekom-men worden. Offen bleibt immer noch die Frage — warum. Der Versuch, sie zu beantworten stellt einen Bestandteil des fundamentalen Streites um die Gründe des Zusammenbruchs und der Auflösung des Staates dar, einer Diskussion, die bereits über Jahrzehnte zur bewegten Polemik führt. Der Autor versuchte, anhand der geführten Forschungen, eigene Stellung dazu zu nehmen. Eingehende und gründliche Analyse der besonders wertvollen Quellen — der Sejm-Protokollbücher, der Niederschrift der Abgeordnetenauftritte während der Plenarsitzungen des Sejm, die den gegenwärtigen Stenogrammen ähneln, machte er zum Wesen dieser Forschungen. Im Tun und Haltung der Vertreter des Volkes zum Zeitpunkt der größten Probe versuchte er, den Schlüssel zur Entscheidung des Streites zu finden.

Rubber tapping machine performance and procedure

Rubber tapping is a rubber latex extraction process which has to be done early morning in order to satisfy cool climate for latex flow. It is a tedious process which takes great work force and man-hour it has to be done with great accuracy. It is a great necessity for an automated or mechanized tapping to cope with the market requirement. So it is required to design a Rubber tapping machine which should be affordable to small planters.

World Multidisciplinary Civil Engineering-Architecture-Urban Planning Symposium - WMCAUS 2021

The current “IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering” volume includes papers presented in the capital city of the Czech Republic, Prague for the 6th Anniversary of the “World Multidisciplinary Civil Engineering-Architecture-Urban Planning Symposium” from 30 August to 3 September 2021. The purpose of the WMCAUS 2021 is to give a place to converse and consider the current data, discoveries, and mechanics in various areas of Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Urban Planning, to provide favourable circumstances for forthcoming cooperation. It is a stage for contributing information and skills in the areas of Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Urban Planning by arranging a conference for researchers at the beginning of their career and letting them present their findings, and leave them space to discuss it with for the presentation of their work and discussion of their ideas with specialists in diverse fields of Civil Engineering, Architecture, and City and Urban Planning. The designed period for WMCAUS 2021 was from the 14th of June till the 18th of June 2021. Nevertheless, it was deferred to 30 August till 3 September 2021 due to the Covid-19 pandemic and therefore was held in Prague in person to match participants' needs. All the missions of the World Multidisciplinary Civil Engineering-Architecture-Urban Planning Symposium – WMCAUS 2021 were achieved, and 285 peer-reviewed articles were published. The team of the WMCAUS would like to give thanks to all reviewers for their great work and for the high quality of articles that were published. List of Editors of WMCAUS 2021, Committee WMCAUS 2021 are available in this pdf.

Prof. M. Ya. Breitman. Dictionary of clinical terminology based on the latest Russian and foreign sources. Issue IV. Ed. Practical Medicine 1929. Price 4 rubles

With the publication of the 4th edition of the dictionary by prof. Breitman, we have completed a great work on medical lexicography. One can disagree with the author's peculiar spelling like "gynecology", "Pasteur", etc., but one can in no way dispute the value and necessity of this manual for our time. The absence of such reference books on the book market, as well as the doctor's ignorance of a foreign language, often puts him in a difficult position when he wants to establish the exact pronunciation, spelling or meaning of a clinical term. Therefore, the dictionary of prof. Breitman will undoubtedly serve for a long time to be a reliable reference in all matters concerning clinical terminology. It is very good that the author also gives an indication of the pronunciation of surnames and proper names. At this point, everyone may be puzzled. The dictionary will solve them. In this note, we will allow ourselves to note some errors and controversies regarding terms in the interest of correcting them for the 2nd edition.