Knowledge and Awareness of Turkish Mothers Regarding Primary Teeth

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the mothers’ knowledge and awareness of primary teeth. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study consisted of 323 children and their mothers. A questionnaire form consisting of 10 questions about the definition of primary teeth, their total number and treatment requirements was applied to the mothers. Pearson Chi-Square and Fisher-Freeman-Halton tests were used to analyze the data. Results: The rate of wrong answers given by mothers with low education level to the question "What are primary teeth?" was significantly higher (p <0.001). The rate of correct answer given by mothers with low education level to the question "How many primary teeth are there in a healthy dentition?" was significantly lower (p = 0.002). The answer of "no" given by mothers with a low education level to the question "Do you think it is necessary to treat primary teeth?" was significantly higher (p=0.016). The rate of correct answer given by families with a monthly income above 5000 TL to the questions "What are primary teeth?" and "How many primary teeth are present totally?" were significantly higher (p=<0.001). Conclusion: The superior the education level and the monthly income of the family, the higher the rate of answering questions that require information.

Evaluasi Pendidikan Menuju Insan Kamil Perspektif Filsafat Islam

This article aims to learn how to conduct an adequate evaluation using approaches based on Islamic philosophy. Because inconsistencies in the implementation of educational assessments can lead to less than optimal results after inspection, this requires appropriate methods for the full review. The author made this article with a library approach, collecting materials from library books, research reports, newspapers, books, research reports, theses, dissertations, and scientific journals in print and non-print media. In Islamic education, the purpose of the evaluation is to make al-Insan al-Kamil human or a complete human person. Likewise, the purpose of education is to educate students to have faith, be pious, develop a religious mentality, master science, and apply what has been learned in school to adapt to the life of the wider community. Evaluation can also provide feedback to students about their achievements and the extent of their perspectives and knowledge during the learning process. Philosophy also educates people to think, have insight, and reason broadly to view an event or problem from various perspectives, with the result being the correct answer.

EDUKASI MENGENAI ANEMIA DEFISIENSI BESI BAGI REMAJA PUTRI DENGAN MEDIA LEAFLET

One of the nutritional problems that often occurs among adolescents is iron deficiency anemia. Especially for adolescent girls who have a higher risk of anemia than adolescent boys. Based on data from Riskesdas 2018, the prevalence of anemia in adolescents aged 15-24 years is 32%, meaning that there are still anemia problems in Indonesia that have not been resolved. The purpose of this community dedication activity is to provide education about iron deficiency anemia for adolescent girls using leaflet media. The target of this community dedication activity is adolescent girls aged 12-19 years in the JABODETABEK area. The community dedication activity is carried out online through the WhatsApp group due to the COVID-19 pandemic. There are 31 adolescent girls who participated in this community dedication activity. This community dedication activity consists of three stages including pretest, education with leaflets, and posttest. The amount and types of pretest and posttest questions are the same. The amount of questions given is 15 questions. The correct answer is given a score of 10 and the wrong one is given a score of 0. The level of knowledge of adolescent girls is categorized as 3 groups, which is less if the correct answer is <60%, sufficient if the correct answer is 60-80%, and good if the correct answer is >80%. Most of the adolescent girls are in the age range of 17-19 years (54.8%). The results showed that there was an increase in knowledge about iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls. The results of the Wilcoxon signed rank test showed significantly different pretest and posttest results (p-value = 0.000), so it can be concluded that providing education using leaflets can help increase knowledge of iron deficiency anemia for adolescent girls.Salah satu masalah gizi yang sering terjadi pada kalangan remaja yaitu anemia defisiensi besi. Khususnya bagi remaja putri yang memiliki risiko lebih tinggi mengalami anemia dibandingkan remaja putra. Berdasarkan data Riskesdas 2018, prevalensi anemia pada remaja berusia 15-24 tahun sebesar 32%, artinya masih terdapat permasalahan anemia di Indonesia yang belum teratasi. Tujuan dari pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah untuk memberikan edukasi mengenai anemia defisiensi besi bagi remaja putri dengan media leaflet. Sasaran dari kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah remaja putri berusia 12-19 tahun di wilayah JABODETABEK. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat dilakukan secara online melalui grup whatsappkarena kondisi pandemi covid-19. Total remaja putri yang mengikuti kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat berjumlah 31 orang. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini terdiri dari tiga tahapan diantaranya pretest, edukasi dengan leaflet, dan posttest. Jumlah dan jenis pertanyaan pretest dan posttest sama. Jumlah pertanyaan yang diberikan adalah 15 soal. Jawaban yang benar diberikan nilai 10 dan yang salah diberikan nilai 0. Tingkat pengetahuan remaja putri dikelompokkan menjadi 3 diantaranya kurang jika jawaban yang benar < 60%, cukup jika jawaban yang benar 60-80%, dan baik jika jawaban yang benar > 80%. Sebagian besar remaja putri berada pada rentang usia 17-19 tahun (54,8%). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan mengenai anemia defisiensi besi pada remaja putri. Hasil uji Wilcoxon signed rank test menunjukkan hasil pretest dan posttest yang berbeda nyata (p-value = 0,000), sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian edukasi menggunakan leaflet dapat membantu meningkatkan pengetahuan anemia defisiensi besi bagi remaja putri.

The relationship between mothers' knowledge and practice level of cough etiquette and their children's practice level in South Korea

Purpose: This study investigated the relationships between mothers' knowledge and practice level of cough etiquette and their children's practice level of cough etiquette as perceived by their mothers.Methods: This study was a descriptive correlational study. The data were collected from 160 mothers with preschoolers attending daycare centers and kindergartens in Gwangju, South Korea using self-reported questionnaires.Results: The correct answer rate for cough etiquette knowledge in mothers was 86.0%, mothers' average practice score was 33.65±4.14, and their children's average practice score was 28.39±4.85 out of 48. The correlation between mothers' cough etiquette knowledge and practice level was not statistically significant. However, mothers' cough etiquette practice was positively correlated with children's cough etiquette level as perceived by mothers (r=.35, p<.001).Conclusion: The development of a systematic cough etiquette education program and measurements for both mothers and children according to their developmental stages is important to effectively prevent respiratory infections.

Critical reasoning

This chapter explores the process of moral reasoning. It explains that often moral judgements are complex. There is no single rule that can be used to identify the correct answer. The chapter explains what makes a good or bad moral argument. It explores how different approaches can be combined to resolve an ethical dilemma.

Impairment of the visuospatial working memory in the patients with Parkinson’s Disease: an fMRI study

Background Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a common symptom in the patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). The characteristics of cognitive impairment in PD are executive function (including working memory) and visuo-perceptual processing. The visuospatial n-back test has the merit of minimizing the influence of educational biases involved in the verbal n-back test. Furthermore, it can assess both visuospatial recognition and working memory in a single test. Methods We aimed to clarify the advantage of the visuospatial n-back test as a tool for detecting impairments of working memory in PD. We enrolled 28 right-handed patients with PD (18 males, 10 females) and 12 age-matched healthy controls (HC; 7 males, 5 females). Thirteen patients were classified as MCI (PD-MCI), and 15 as cognitively normal PD (PD-CN). Using functional MRI (fMRI), we explored the specific brain regions associated with the performance of the n-back test in the PD-MCI, PD-CN, and HC groups. The 0-back test assesses visuospatial recognition, while the 1-back and 2-back tests assess visuospatial working memory. Group comparisons were performed for three loads of this test. Results Patients with PD performed significantly worse in terms of the correct answer rates of all n-back tests compared with HC. fMRI analyses performed during the 2-back test revealed reduced activation in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and parietal lobule in the PD group compared with the HC group. In contrast, the fMRI result during the 0-back test showed only a marginal difference in the frontal lobe. On comparisons of task performance between the PD-MCI and PD-CN groups, we found that the correct answer rate in the 2-back test was lower in the PD-MCI group than in the PD-CN group. However, scores of the 0-back and 1-back tests were not significantly different between the two groups. The fMRI findings revealed that activations within the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and inferior parietal lobule (IPL) during the 2-back test were reduced in the patients with PD-MCI when compared to those with PD-CN. Conclusions This study reports reduced activation of the MFG and IPL in patients with PD-MCI. These regions may be associated with the pathophysiology of working memory impairment in patients with PD, which involves fronto-striatal network dysfunction.

Query-Based Retrieval Using Universal Sentence Encoder

In Natural language processing, various tasks can be implemented with the features provided by word embeddings. But for obtaining embeddings for larger chunks like sentences, the efforts applied through word embeddings will not be sufficient. To resolve such issues sentence embeddings can be used. In sentence embeddings, complete sentences along with their semantic information are represented as vectors so that the machine finds it easy to understand the context. In this paper, we propose a Question Answering System (QAS) based on sentence embeddings. Our goal is to obtain the text from the provided context for a user-query by extracting the sentence in which the correct answer is present. Traditionally, infersent models have been used on SQUAD for building QAS. In recent times, Universal Sentence Encoder with USECNN and USETrans have been developed. In this paper, we have used another variant of the Universal sentence encoder, i.e. Deep averaging network in order to obtain pre-trained sentence embeddings. The results on the SQUAD-2.0 dataset indicate our approach (USE with DAN) performs well compared to Facebook’s infersent embedding.

Revision, Reclassification, and Refrigerators

Current debates about cultural change question how and how often change in personal culture happens. Is personal culture stable, or under constant revision through interaction with the environment? While recent empirical work finds attitudes are remarkably stable, this paper argues that typifications—how material tokens are classified as a particular mental type by individuals—are more open to transformation as a result of the fundamentally fuzzy nature of classifying. Specifically, this paper investigates the social conditions that lead people to reclassify. How do we move people to see the same thing differently over time? Paying attention to type-token dynamics provides mechanisms for why and under what circumstances personal culture may change. To assess reclassification, the paper analyzes an online survey experiment that asked people to classify refrigerators as owned by “Trump” or “Biden” voters. Those participants who received definitive feedback about the correct answer were more likely to reclassify than are those receiving normative feedback about how “most people” classified the images. Implications for cultural change and persuasion are discussed.