traditional authority
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2022 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Paolo Cavaliere ◽  
Graziella Romeo

Abstract Under what conditions can artificial intelligence contribute to political processes without undermining their legitimacy? Thanks to the ever-growing availability of data and the increasing power of decision-making algorithms, the future of political institutions is unlikely to be anything similar to what we have known throughout the last century, possibly with parliaments deprived of their traditional authority and public decision-making processes largely unaccountable. This paper discusses and challenges these concerns by suggesting a theoretical framework under which algorithmic decision-making is compatible with democracy and, most relevantly, can offer a viable solution to counter the rise of populist rhetoric in the governance arena. Such a framework is based on three pillars: (1) understanding the civic issues that are subjected to automated decision-making; (2) controlling the issues that are assigned to AI; and (3) evaluating and challenging the outputs of algorithmic decision-making.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Pamela J. Olubunmi Smith

The Novel Set in 19th century traditional Yorùbáland in South Western Nigeria, Olókùn Ẹṣin is a historical tale about feudalism and enslavement, freedom and independence. It chronicles brilliantly the rebellion of an idealist, Àjàyí, son of Olókùn-Ẹṣin, a prominent member of the town’s Council of Chiefs and the chain reaction of the revolution he mounts against the injustices of enslavement and any kind of feudal practices. His violent protest results in eventual freedom and independence for the people of Òkò from years of servitude under the feudal lord, Olúmokùn, signaling the beginning of the end of feudalism in Yorùbáland. Told mostly from the protagonist’s point of view, with the help of his two prominent compatriots, childhood friend Àyọwí and Ibiwumi, the town’s ̀ Baálẹ’s own daughter, ̀ Ọmọ Olókùn-Ẹṣin chronicles not only the experiences and struggles of these three idealists, but also the inevitable uncertainties and risks of mobilizing the oppressed rank and file in a rule-of-fear system, sanctioned by traditional authority, the many trials and tribulations suffered at the hands of the wily oppressors, and the risks and frustrations of advancing the movement. Ironically, despite the novel’s tension, the ending is paradoxical. While the freedom seekers succeed in establishing a grassroots movement, first by their own example of charity and basic education, however, their hard-fought campaign is compromised by a less than convincing negotiation for freedom, which they gain by bargaining their forced enslavement for a voluntary servitude. Nonetheless, as with any fight for freedom in the modern world, the separation process between the colonizer and the colonized is tenuous, much like the typical Prospero-Caliban sort of scheming, distrustful bargaining between two “unequals.” In Fálétí’s words, “the choice of ending is no different from what happens in ‘real-life’ situations, when the colonizer ensures that he 208 From the Archives does not leave the negotiation table completely empty handed.” 1 The incongruous, happily-ever-after ending of weddings among the freedom fighters, while plausible, appears rather contrived. Nonetheless, its place in Yorùbá literary corpus and contribution to the revolutionary novel sub-genre cannot be overstated. Its significance is threefold. First, it is the best, perhaps still the only, known example of the revolutionary novel sub-genre in Yorùbá that chronicles the practice of the feudal system in Yorùbá history, thus making it the standard example, a good one at that, of successful experimentation in the sub-genre. Undoubtedly, its depiction of slavery and resistance makes it unrivalled as an eloquent marker of a historical and linguistic age gone by. Secondly, it joins the ranks of the works of only two other leading contemporary Yorùbá writers, whose attention to language make them the remaining literary and linguistic purists of the previous generation of Yorùbá writers. Thirdly, since its publication in 1970, it has withstood the test of time as the premier example of “ìjìnlẹ̀ Yorùbá.”    


2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Nel

Post-apartheid Kwazulu-Natal is in the midst of ecological and social crises related to land ownership, resource control, minerals extraction, environmental degradation and biodiversity loss. The environs of the Hluhluwe-Imfolozi National Park are a violent environment, where the immediate violence of an anti-poaching 'war' waged over fears of Rhinoceros extinction, is counter-posed to the slow violence permeating the lives of marginal rural residents affected by the externalities of coal mining. A range of struggles are waged against these challenges, but a hegemonic 'Biodiversity Economy' intervention has arisen, attended by projects aimed at territorializing conservation space and multiple-win scenarios. Based on four years of intermittent research in the area, this article critiques the territorialization of conservation, project outcomes, and commercialization efforts within the Umfozi Biodiversity Economy Node (UBEN). I contend that a biodiversity economy nodal approach extends neoliberal conservation strategies, and functions as a spatial aggregator to reterritorialize conservation land use over space and time. However, the findings suggest that, despite years of energy and investment there have only been limited individual successes in the UBEN, and a range of frustrations, compounded by COVID-19 complications. The analysis also highlights further costs and externalities of the initiative: as the UBEN exacerbates underlying tensions in Kwazulu-Natal's uneven conservation geography, and it aligns with problematic and often unrepresentative traditional authority structures and related accumulation networks. It is also complicit with the production of sacrificial spaces at the conservation-extraction nexus.In this context, I argue the UBEN is pyrrhic; that is, an outcome or goal strived for/achieved at too little reward and too high a cost. The article extends political-ecological critique of neoliberal conservation and the green economy to incorporate the framing and implementation of biodiversity economy nodal approaches – and their uneven and pyrrhic effects – in contested, crisis-ridden conservation contexts.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Mahlangu

Qualitative research study analyzing economic inequality in Nigeria. Employing the black feminist perspective to explore the laws, norms, values, traditional authority, government and financial institutions that exclude women in the matters of economic empowerment. The study is an extended literature review and utilizes document analysis.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Mahlangu

Qualitative research study analyzing economic inequality in Nigeria. Employing the black feminist perspective to explore the laws, norms, values, traditional authority, government and financial institutions that exclude women in the matters of economic empowerment. The study is an extended literature review and utilizes document analysis.


2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (spe) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Madikgomo More

The purpose of the article was to explore the roles and functions of the institution of traditional authority in contributing to access to justice or providing a form of justice through the preservation of customary law to the people of the Okombahe community in the Erongo Region of Namibia. The article's aim was to investigate the factors that have contributed to the institution's resilience and how this resilience may be tied to the type of justice this customary institution provides and represents. The institution of traditional authority has recently caught the attention of both scholars and policymakers due to the increasing return or revival of this "ancient" form of governance in the contemporary era that is constantly changing its procedures and rules of appointment to adapt to contemporary concerns and social problems. The scope of traditional leaders' jurisdiction and power is defined in the roles and functions they fulfil. As a popular legitimate informal institution in Okombahe, traditional leaders were found to manage and resolve conflict, and to preserve communal identity, unity, and continuity. This article highlights the significance of the institution of traditional authority as a legitimate customary institution originating from the bottom-up, and as a system that can be complementary to democracy as opposed to the assumption sometimes held that it is contesting with it. In Okombahe, the institution of traditional authority was found to contribute to providing an accessible justice system option grounded in this community's identity, history and social norms. The data collection employed for this qualitative case study of Okombahe consisted of interviews, supporting documents, and relevant scientific articles.


2021 ◽  
pp. 79-106
Author(s):  
Edwin F. Ackerman

This chapter explores the role of persistent traditional agrarian structures on party organization. Land privatization was considerably less extensive in Bolivia when compared to Mexico. Through agrarian census materials and archival evidence of attempted electoral mobilization and peasant union construction, the chapter show how the regions in the country with relatively higher levels of communal land tenure and strong traditional authority structures were places where it was essentially impossible for the MNR to establish sustainable links to a mass base. In regions with less communal property holding, the MNR developed close links to existing and emerging peasant unions. Ultimately, these regions were not large enough as in the Mexican case to sustain stable party formation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 135-137
Author(s):  
Diguan Yang ◽  

There are many problems in the humanized teaching management of normal universities. For example, students do not actively participate in the management and planning of their own university and career, teachers pay too much attention to traditional authority and have a sense of distance from students, the bureaucracy of the management department is serious, and management thinking is backward. The management process does not reflect the humanistic feelings, the teaching plans and teaching evaluation methods formulated by the school remain unchanged, the school’s teaching resources are unevenly distributed, and the campus culture construction lacks the humanistic spirit. In response to these current conditions, the author puts forward relevant suggestions from four aspects: students, teachers, schools, and management personnel. I hope that as a member of the school and participants in the construction of humanized teaching management, they can actively perform their own responsibilities and clarify their own positioning. In the end, it is hoped that the school’s teaching management can be people-oriented and enhance the school’s cohesion and centripetal force.


2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-335
Author(s):  
Lord Mawuko-Yevugah ◽  
Harry Anthony Attipoe

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Carlos García

This research aims to improve current knowledge on managers’ professional culture and practices through the study of how tactical requirements, and specifically the introduction of zonal marking in the 80’s and 90’s, transformed professional football managers training methods, their professional competences and requirements.  In order to do so, 23 semi-estructured interviews were conducted with Spanish first división La Liga professional managers and footballers. Spanish managers in the 80’s enjoyed a traditional authority and disregarded formal instruction and knowledge. However, the tactical complexity emerged through the zonal marking system and the training methods evolution from physical to tactically focused generated a new kind of abstract knowledge and new pedagogical and group managing skills mandatory to achieve success and manage the group.


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