ECOLOGICAL PLASTICITY AND STABILITY OF PROSPECTIVE PEA LINES

The studies were carried out in order to assess the parameters of the adaptability of promising pea samples in terms of yield to identify the best genotypes for the conditions of middle Volga region. The work was carried out in 2018-2020 in the central zone of Ulyanovsk region. The object of the research was 10 pea samples, the standard was Ukaz variety. According to the methods of S.A. Eberhart, W.A. Russell, V.V. Khangildina and S.P. Martynova determined the adaptability of breeding samples using the following indicators: coefficient of variation (V%), homeostaticity (Hom), breeding value (Sc), stability index (Sj2), linear coefficient regression (bi), point stability estimate (Hi). On average, over three years of research, the greatest increase in yield, compared to the standard, was noted for Ulyanovskiy yubileiny variety - 0.43 t/ha. The genotypes of Ulyanovskiy yubileiny, Viridis and line 657/14 with the smallest values of the coefficients of variation - 14.6, 22.4, 23.4%, respectively, are attributed to the most stable in terms of the coefficient of variation V. The most valuable in terms of plasticity and stability were the Ukaz variety (bi=1.15 and Sj2=0.02) and line 559/11 (1.14 and 0.00 respectively). Line 621/14 (bi=1.42 and Sj2=0.15) was recognized as an intensive variety with very low phenotypic stability and line 752/14 (1.29 and 0.11 respectively), with a reduced variety. Lines 215/11, 533/14, 657/14 were distinguished by very high phenotypic stability (bi=0,91…1,07, Sj2=0,00…0,03). The highest level of homeostaticity in combination with breeding value was observed in the promising pea cultivar Ulyanovskiy Yubileiny (Hom=15.33 and Sc=1.67) and line 215/11 (Hom=7.74 and Sc=1.22). According to the point assessment of Hi stability, significant advantages were revealed in Ulyanovskiy yubileiny variety (Hi =4.22) and line 215/11 (1.33). According to the sum of the ranks of the six parameters of adaptability, the leading positions were occupied by lines 533/14 (27), 215/11 (32) and promising varieties Ulyanovskiy yubileiny (32), Viridis (32). According to the test results, two samples in 2020 were submitted for state variety testing

CHANGE IN THE VITREUOSNESS GRAIN OF DURUM WHEAT IN THE BREEDING PROCESS IN THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION

The vitreousness of grain is an important trait taken into account by the state standards of many countries when determining its quality class. When creating new cultivars, this trait is controlled at all stages of breeding. The article presents the results of studying the vitreousness of grain cultivars of Samara Research Institute of Agriculture, related to the 4 stages of breeding covering the periods - 1957-1990 (stage I), 2003-2004 (stage II), 2007-2008 (stage III), 2012-2018 (stage IV). The study was carried out on the experimental field of Samara Research Institute of Agriculture during 2012-2020. Experimental plots with an accounting area of 20.0 m2 were placed in randomized blocks. Vitreousness was determined by the percentage of vitreous grains on the endosperm section in refined grain samples taken in 3 field replicates. The evaluation of the data obtained was carried out on the basis of 2-factor, one-way dispersion and correlation analyzes, parameters of stability and responsiveness according to the methods of Kilchevsky, Khotyleva, Eberhart-Russell, Khangildin, Nettevich. The dispersion of grain vitreousness was determined by environmental conditions – 61.2%, genotype factors and genotype/environmental interactions – 9.3% and 19.0%, respectively. Progress in breeding relative to the first stage was observed at the 2nd and 4th stages and was absent at the 3rd stage. According to the absolute values of vitreousness (91.8-94.3%), 4 cultivars were distinguished - Bezenchukskaya zolotistaya, Bezenchukskaya krepost, Bezenchukskaya nivaand Bezenchukskaya 210, belonging to the 4th stage. Values close to these (89.2-89.6%) were noted in the varieties of the 2nd stage - Bezenchukskaya stepnaya and Pamyaty Chekhovicha. Successful breeding for the vitreousness of durum wheat grain is associated with an improvement in the parameters of the stability of the formation of a trait in a variety of environmental conditions. Reliable genotypic correlations of glassiness, grain yield and macaroni color show the effectiveness of simultaneous selection for these traits. The absence of significant correlations of grain vitreousness with vegetation parameters, and quality, suggests the possibility of obtaining the necessary recombinations in the selection process. Genotypic correlation coefficients show the possibility of breeding productive cultivars with a high vitreousness of grain and a varied combination of parameters of the growing season and grain quality. Cultivars of the 4th stage, Bezenchukskaya zolotistaya and Bezenchukskaya krepost, were proposed as a initial material in breeding for grain vitreousness

GRAIN YIELD OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES OF DIFFERENT MATURITY GROUPS IN THE FOREST-STEPPE ZONE OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION

The experiments were carried out in non-watering conditions of the forest-steppe of the middle Volga region in the fields of Samara Research Institute in 2016-2018. The purpose of the research is to study the features of grain yield formation in soybean varieties of different maturity groups in order to create new varieties of Volga ecotype with high and stable grain yield. The material for the study was 29 soybean varieties of different agroecotypes and maturity groups. Standard is Samer 3. Observations and records were carried out according to the generally accepted methodology. Meteorological conditions in 2016-2018 characterized as arid, the hydrothermal coefficient varied from 0.5 to 0.7. On average, over the years of testing, the studied varieties were classified as very early – with a vegetation period of 86…90 days (8 varieties) and early 91…109 days (21 varieties), including the Samer 3 standard, ripeness groups. The high grain yield over the years of testing was in the early ripeness group - 1.95 t/ha. The sum of active temperatures above 10°C (r=+0.993…+0.999) and the amount of precipitation (r=+0.845…+0.939) had a significant impact on the duration of vegetation of both groups of ripeness in all years. A significant influence of the hydrothermal coefficient and the average daily temperature on the duration of vegetation was, revealed in 2017 and 2018. The correlation of vegetation duration with the hydrothermal coefficient was r=-0.767…-0.977, and with an average daily temperature of r=-0.902…-0.970. Among the varieties of different groups of ripeness, high seed yields (2.00…2.21 t/ha) on average over the years of testing had: Oressa, Swapa, Samer 1, Lira, Cordoba, Lisbon, Malaga

GRAIN YIELD OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES OF DIFFERENT MATURITY GROUPS IN THE FOREST-STEPPE ZONE OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION

The experiments were carried out in non-watering conditions of the forest-steppe of the middle Volga region in the fields of Samara Research Institute in 2016-2018. The purpose of the research is to study the features of grain yield formation in soybean varieties of different maturity groups in order to create new varieties of Volga ecotype with high and stable grain yield. The material for the study was 29 soybean varieties of different agroecotypes and maturity groups. Standard is Samer 3. Observations and records were carried out according to the generally accepted methodology. Meteorological conditions in 2016-2018 characterized as arid, the hydrothermal coefficient varied from 0.5 to 0.7. On average, over the years of testing, the studied varieties were classified as very early – with a vegetation period of 86…90 days (8 varieties) and early 91…109 days (21 varieties), including the Samer 3 standard, ripeness groups. The high grain yield over the years of testing was in the early ripeness group - 1.95 t/ha. The sum of active temperatures above 10°C (r=+0.993…+0.999) and the amount of precipitation (r=+0.845…+0.939) had a significant impact on the duration of vegetation of both groups of ripeness in all years. A significant influence of the hydrothermal coefficient and the average daily temperature on the duration of vegetation was, revealed in 2017 and 2018. The correlation of vegetation duration with the hydrothermal coefficient was r=-0.767…-0.977, and with an average daily temperature of r=-0.902…-0.970. Among the varieties of different groups of ripeness, high seed yields (2.00…2.21 t/ha) on average over the years of testing had: Oressa, Swapa, Samer 1, Lira, Cordoba, Lisbon, Malaga

Typological originality of secondary dialects with the south Russian basis in the Middle Volga Region

The article highlights the problem of the typology of dialects of the Middle Volga region. Particular attention is paid to secondary dialects with signs of South Russian dialect bases, the status of which in the Volga atlases is determined ambiguously. The area of the described dialect type is indicated. It is indicated that in the left-bank part of the Middle Volga region, in the so-called Trans-Volga region, there is a high probability of the existence of secondary Central Russian dialects with the preservation of signs of southern Russian maternal stems. The main source is data from regional atlases. The materials of dialectological expeditions to the villages of the Samara region are used. The description of the typological characteristics of the secondary dialects with a southern base, which are designated on the maps of regional atlases as Central Russian, is based on the analysis of isogloss of phonetic, grammatical and proper lexical dialect phenomena. In dialects with a completed transition to Central Russian, typologically significant South Russian features are types of yakany with the preservation of vowel dissimilation, obstruent pronunciation of g of secondary origin and other phonetic, morphological and lexical features that make up the series of two-term dialectal correspondences. According to the linguistic basis, such dialects are often polydialectal. In some dialects, the South Russian basis is not in doubt, and we can only state the beginning of the transition to the Central Russian type. The question is raised about the existence of secondary dialect types, formed as a result of the assimilation of dialects of the South Russian dialect with other dialects, not only in the Volga region, but also in other territories with favorable conditions for inter-dialectal contact. It is concluded that the presence of the Central Russian type and South Russian bases in the described dialects is possible only if there is a sufficient amount of information on typologically significant levels of the dialect language, in which systemic relations are clearly manifested and which are represented on linguistic maps by stable isoglosses. Data on secondary types of dialects should be based on the structural-typological classification of dialectal phenomena of various levels, including the lexical one.

Expenditures of Rural Societies and Volost Boards in the 1880s – 1890s (Based on the Materials of the Middle Volga Region)

Introduction. The comparative analysis of the expenditure part of rural and township budgets of the Middle Volga provinces in the 1880s – 1890s is presented. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the comparative method. Quantitative, problem-chronological, system analysis and structural methods were of auxiliary importance. Results. The comparison of data on the Middle Volga provinces shows that in the 1880s – early 1890s, the mundane expenses of rural societies were twice as high as the costs of the volost boards. A significant part of the worldly fees went to pay employees of volost boards; much more modest funds were allocated to representatives of peasant self-government bodies, and, in their totality, these funds were steadily declining at the end of the XIX century. Discussion. In many areas of the Middle Volga region in the 1890s, rural electors did not receive any payment at all. The item of expenditure of local self-government bodies designated as “other expenses for the management and conduct of all kinds of public affairs”, which included the costs of renting apartments for officials, paying for the travel of officials and elected officials, delivering taxes to the treasury, the costs of conducting court cases, hiring servants and accounting officials was quite noticeable for rural societies at the very beginning of the 1890s, but gradually decreased. The amounts spent under this article by rural societies significantly exceeded the volost ones. During the period under review, the protection of public safety and fire-fighting measures were financed mainly from the fees of rural societies. An important component of the “mundane budgets” were the so-called “agricultural expenditures”, which included a wide range of operations aimed at organizing agriculture and animal husbandry. Conclusion. The reform of taxation and the system of local self-government in Russia in the 60–70s of the XIX century provided rural societies with wider opportunities for spending funds to meet urgent needs. A certain independence in the approval of expenditure items can be traced in the specifics of the costs of individual volosts and rural societies of the Middle Volga provinces. Allocating a significant part of worldly fees for payments to employees of volost boards, the peasantry preferred to minimize their own expenses on self-government bodies. The costs of “managing and conducting all kinds of public affairs” were quite palpable for the villagers at the very beginning of the 1890s, but also gradually decreased.

Protein formation and nutritional advantages of promising pea lines in the forest-steppe of the middle Volga region

The experiments were conducted at Samara Research Institute of Agriculture, a branch of the SamSC RAS in 2018–2020. The purpose of the research. Evaluation of promising lines of peas from the competitive variety trial nursery for the nutritional quality of seeds to create new varieties for the Middle Volga region. Methodology and methods of research. The material for the study was 6 promising lines of peas. The nutritional quality of the lines were evaluated according to the following characteristics: the protein content and composition in the seeds, the boiling time of the seeds, the seed cooking coefficient, and the taste of the boiled seeds. The peas grew and developed in dry (2018–2019) and moderate (2020) weather conditions. Results. The protein content in the seeds of the lines was determined by external environmental factors, especially the weather conditions during the bean filling phase. The seeds accumulated more protein when the weather was dry during the bean filling. The protein content of seeds had a positive correlation (r = 0.944) with the average daily air temperature, and a negative correlation (r = 0.986) with precipitation during the bean filling phase. On average, the lines had the same protein content as the Samarius standard but corresponded to the standard value of high-quality varieties (not less than 24.0 %). The following lines had the same seed protein content as the standard (25.6 %): B3737/2-2 (25.2 %), Kt6575 (25.8 %), Kt6358 (24.9 %). These lines contained a large amount of water-soluble protein fraction in comparison with the standard: Kt6575 (16.9 %), Kt6358 (16.6 %), and B3737/2-2 (16.9 %). B3737/2-2 and Kt6575 showed high cooking quality (seed boiling time 110–122 minutes, seed cooking coefficient 2.5–2.6). All lines had a good taste of boiled seeds equal to 4–5 points. Scientific novelty. B3737/2-2, Kt6575, Kt6358 have been suggested to be used as sources of new varieties for their high cooking quality.

Organization of economic activity of the Mari, Mordovia and Chuvash economic councils in the first year of their existence: successes and failures

In the article, the author investigates the insufficiently studied topic of transformation of the organization of economic activity of the economic councils of individual territories at the suggestion of N.S. Khrushchev at the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1957 using comparative historical, quantitative methods, analysis and synthesis. As a result, on the basis of the adopted Law On the further improvement of the management of industry and construction, a territorial management system was created, suggesting that the management of industry and construction should be implemented on a territorial basis on the basis of economic administrative regions. Initially, 70 economic administrative regions were formed, including Chuvash, Mari and Mordovia, in each of which a Council of National Economy was created. The economic councils were state bodies for the management of enterprises, construction projects and organizations of the Union-republican industry located on the territory of the economic administrative region. The article defines the first results of the activity of the Union of National Economy of the Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash ASSR in 1957; the personnel situation, which has become one of the main problems in the development of economic councils, is presented; disclosed the main planned performance indicators of the SNKh, which, on the whole, received a satisfactory assessment. However, despite the positive growth of the main economic indicators, serious difficulties and miscalculations were observed in the work of the economic councils, which were indicated, among other things, by the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. On the basis of documents from the State Archives of the Russian Federation, regional archives and research literature, the author of the article highlighted the main successes and failures in the activities of the SNKh of the republics of the Middle Volga region. The author concluded that for the national regions, the period of activity of the economic councils was a breakthrough in the national economic complex. The Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash economic councils have done significant work to develop the industry in the peripheral regions of the country, significantly enlarging the existing ones and building new powerful and promising enterprises.

Ethnocultural Relations in the Republics of the Middle-Volga Region

The information presented in the article describes the results of the sociological survey of ethnic and cultural relations in the Ethnic Republics of the Volga Federal District, namely the Chuvash Republic and the Mari El Republic. The purpose of the research was to highlight issues concerning some aspects of ethnic culture, specifically intercultural communication among young people (of 16–30 years old) in Cheboksary (the capital city of the Chuvash Republic) and Yoshkar-Ola (the capital city of the Mari El Republic). The research was focused on revealing the tolerant or intolerant, respectful or disrespectful attitude of native young people (representatives of the prevalent ethnicity) to other ethnic groups. The study was conducted using the methods of interviewing by means of computer-assisted web questionnaire. The answers were collected from university students. In conclusion, it was established that in general, native people from the Chuvash Republic and the Mari El Republic are non-conflict, tolerant and friendly.

MISSIONARY ACTIVITY OF N.I. ILMINSKY AMONG THE CHUVASH

On the basis of available sources and literature, the confessional situation among one of the non–Russian peoples of the Middle Volga region, the Chuvash, is investigated. If in the XVIII – early XIX century while carrying out conversion of the non-Slavs (that was the name for non-Russian peoples before the revolution) to the Orthodox the Senate and the Synod gave privileges to the newly baptized and resorted to harsh punitive measures against those who refused, then from the middle of the XIX century the ways of dealing with the unbaptized and those who have fallen into Islam are changing dramatically. Missionaries are gradually coming to the opinion that it is necessary to speak with the non-Slavs in their language, to train priests and teachers from their environment, and also to take into account their traditional holidays and rituals. For example, the priests equally named Turӑ both the Chuvash deity and the Orthodox supreme God. This trend continues to this day. In order to reflect the peculiarities of the Orthodox enlightenment of the Chuvash and to protect them from Islam, the author of the article uses the phrase “indigenization/”alienation” of Orthodoxy.” The creator and the engine of this whole system in Kazan, Simbirsk, Samara, Vyatka, Ufa and Orenburg governorates was N.I. Ilminsky. As a result, the Chuvash began to accept Orthodoxy consciously.