Separated by a Common Language: How the Nature of Code Differences Shapes Communication Success and Code Convergence

Coordinated action within and beween organizations is easier when individuals share communication codes—mappings between stimuli and labels. Because codes are specific to the groups within which they arise as conventions, collaboration across organizational units that have developed their own distinctive codes is often difficult. However, not all code differences are equal in their implications for communication difficulty and the capacity of individuals starting out with different codes to develop a shared code. Using computational models, we develop a theory about the nature of differences in initial communication codes and how they impact convergence on a common code. Our results show that the difficulty of code convergence lies not as much in learning new codes as in unlearning existing ones. The most severe challenges to communication stem from “code clashes” where codes contain different mappings between the same labels and stimuli. Furthermore, clashes that arise when agents have developed their individual codes in different task environments but draw on a common set of labels are likely to be the hardest to recover from, reflecting the perils of being “separated by a common language.” This paper was accepted by Lamar Pierce, organizations.

Open Source Software Development Challenges

GitHub is the most common code hosting and repository service for open-source software (OSS) projects. Thanks to the great variety of features, researchers benefit from GitHub to solve a wide range of OSS development challenges. In this context, the authors thought that was important to conduct a literature review on studies that used GitHub data. To reach these studies, they conducted this literature review based on a GitHub dataset source study instead of a keyword-based search in digital libraries. Since GHTorrent is the most widely known GitHub dataset according to the literature, they considered the studies that cite this dataset for the systematic literature review. In this study, they reviewed the selected 172 studies according to some criteria that used the dataset as a data source. They classified them within the scope of OSS development challenges thanks to the information they extract from the metadata of studies. They put forward some issues about the dataset and they offered the focused and attention-grabbing fields and open challenges that we encourage the researchers to study on them.

PERSONA: A personalized model for code recommendation

Code recommendation is an important feature of modern software development tools to improve the productivity of programmers. The current advanced techniques in code recommendation mostly focus on the crowd-based approach. The basic idea is to collect a large pool of available source code, extract the common code patterns, and utilize the patterns for recommendations. However, programmers are different in multiple aspects including coding preferences, styles, levels of experience, and knowledge about libraries and frameworks. These differences lead to various usages of code elements. When the code of multiple programmers is combined and mined, such differences are disappeared, which could limit the accuracy of the code recommendation tool for a specific programmer. In the paper, we develop a code recommendation technique that focuses on the personal coding patterns of programmers. We propose Persona, a personalized code recommendation model. It learns personalized code patterns for each programmer based on their coding history, while also combines with project-specific and common code patterns. Persona supports recommending code elements including variable names, class names, methods, and parameters. The empirical evaluation suggests that our recommendation tool based on Persona is highly effective. It recommends the next identifier with top-1 accuracy of 60-65% and outperforms the baseline approaches.

Context-based intelligent recommendation by code reuse for smart decision support and cognitive adaptive systems

PurposeThis paper aims to use the concept of machine learning to enable people and machines to interact more certainly to extend and expand human expertise and cognition.Design/methodology/approachIntelligent code reuse recommendations based on code big data analysis, mining and learning can effectively improve the efficiency and quality of software reuse, including common code units in a specific field and common code units that are not related to the field.FindingsFocusing on the topic of context-based intelligent code reuse recommendation, this paper expounds the research work in two aspects mainly in practical applications of smart decision support and cognitive adaptive systems: code reuse recommendation based on template mining and code reuse recommendation based on deep learning.Originality/valueOn this basis, the future development direction of intelligent code reuse recommendation based on context has prospected.

Le Projet de Code des obligations et des contrats franco-italien de 1927 : chant du cygne de la culture juridique latine ?

Launched by the Italian professor Vittorio Scialoja in 1916, the idea of a common Code of obligations for France and Italy gives birth to a 1927 project that combines tradition and innovation with the goal of defending the Latin legal culture. The failure of this project, for clear political reasons, does not prevent an historical analysis that links this doctrinal work with the question of legal unification in Europe until today.

What matters in making demand-based decisions: Time alone or difficulty too?

Which task is easier, doing arithmetic problems of specified form for some specified duration, or carrying a bucket of specified weight over some specified distance? If it is possible to choose between the “more cognitive” task and the “more physical” task, how are the difficulty levels of the tasks compared? We conducted two experiments in which participants chose the easier of two tasks, one that involved solving addition or multiplication problems (Experiment 1) or addition problems with different numbers of addends (Experiment 2) for varying amounts of time (in both experiments), and one that involved carrying a bucket of different weights over a fixed distance (in both experiments). We found that the probability of choosing to do the bucket task was higher when the bucket was empty than when it was weighted, and increased when the cognitive task was harder and its duration grew. We could account for the choice probabilities by mapping the independent variables onto one abstract variable, Φ. The functional identity of Φ remains to be determined. It could be interpreted as an inferred effort variable, subjective duration, or an abstract, amodal common code for difficulty.

Specific nature of intercultural professional communication of members of Russian and Chinese legal cultures

The article dwells on specifi c nature of professional dialogue of Russian and Chinese lawyers with an emphasis on sociocultural differences arising in communication within the framework of intercultural legal space. The potential of the English language as a common code of communication for members of legal profession of the two states is analyzed. The author concludes that it is necessary to take into consideration sociocultural component in teaching lawyers intercultural professional communication.

Towards a common code for difficulty: Navigating a narrow gap is like memorizing an extra digit

What makes a task hard or easy? The question seems easy, but answering it has been hard. The only consensus has been that, all else being equal, easy tasks can be performed by more individuals than hard tasks, and easy tasks are usually preferred over hard tasks. Feghhi and Rosenbaum (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 45, 983–994, 2019) asked whether task difficulty might reflect a single amodal quantity. Based on their subjects’ two-alternative forced-choice data from tasks involving choices of tasks with graded physical and mental challenges, the authors showed that the difficulty of passing through a narrow gap rather than a wide gap was psychologically equivalent to memorizing an extra .55 digits. In the present study, we extended this approach by adding new arguments for the hypothesis that task difficulty might reflect a single amodal quantity (inspired by considerations of physics, economics, and the common code hypothesis for the study of perception and action), and we tested narrower gaps than before to see whether we would find a larger equivalent memory-digit. Consistent with our prediction, we obtained a value of .95. We suggest that our multi-modal two-alternative forced-choice procedure can pave the way toward a better understanding of task difficulty.

E-commerce Network Credibility Modelling Using Block-chain

Agent technology has developed into a sturdy instrument for e-commerce approach in recent years. The use of agent technology in e-commerce systems may address traditional e-commerce weaknesses, respond to the intelligence and individual needs of users, and significantly improve the efficiency of online transactions. There are some weaknesses in the system designed in this paper. The system will be less efficient in order to complete decentralization of the system. Every decentralized node needs to redundantly preserve a huge volume of information that not only takes up a lot of storage space however, it also makes cross-requesting and detail verification ineffective. This writing presents the evaluation of integrity of the e-commerce systems using block-chain and large amounts of data analysis. The fast growth of the Internet, in particular in the well-developed field of e-commerce, has advanced to digital marketing. In order to understand the common code generating conventional file to identify the associated event configuration, we will analyze Improved Practical Byzantine IPBF source code algorithms. The simulation shows the efficiency of the model.

ENGLISH: Islamic Jurisprudence and Geneva Convention: Searching Compatibility for Women Worriers’ Rights

This research paper evaluates the Islamic values vis-a-vis Geneva Convention concerning the rights of women warriors as prisoners of war by the victorious country. The discussion is to discover the similarities and differences between the two areas on the subject. This study focuses the probability of combining these two separate areas but common in objectivity. The Islamic law protects the women from the scourges of war in a number of ways. Similarly, the Geneva Convention also tries to protect the women as prisoners of war. This study concerns the main research question as to whether there may be the compatibility between Islamic and Geneva Convention law for developing a common code on the issue of rights of women worriers. The objective of the study undertaken is to develop a common code through reconciliation between these two separate regulations for conducting war, and ensuring the upholding of human dignity of female worriers. This will complement the existing knowledge on the issue as a guideline for all concerned in the context of International Humanitarian Law.