A Role of Production on E-Commerce and Foreign Policy Influencing One Belt One Road: Mediating Effects of International Relations and International Trade

One Road One Belt has made a drastic change not only to the lives of people but also to their minds and future prospective. This initiative has connected not only countries but has consolidated trading patterns. It has not only impacted physical trade but has also boosted the e-commerce of China. Therefore, this study has tried to find the major patterns of trading across the globe and digital commerce considering the factors of production. China, being the cheapest country for manufacturing, has excelled in the e-commerce as well. The targeted population for this study was contractors, marketers, logistic service providers, and engineers. The sample size in this study was 329. Data collection was done through a survey developed on the Likert scale. The software used for the data analysis was Smart-PLS for structural equation modeling. Findings of the study show that factors of production and international trade have an impact on e-commerce. Moreover, the foreign policy and international relations have also been found to have a significant role in e-commerce (digital entrepreneurship).

Analysis of Lettuce (Lactuva Sativa L) Farming Efficiency, Jaranguda Village, Merdeka District, Karo Regency

The research aims to know the effect of factors of production on the production of lettuce farming, to determine the level of technical, allocative, and economic efficiency of the use of production factors of lettuce farming and to determine the level of profit that can result from lettuce farming. The reason for choosing the area was because the majority of the population were cultivating lettuce plants. The results showed that: the influence of production inputs (seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, labour and land area) significantly influence the production of lettuce farming. The level of efficiency in the use of production factors (seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, labour and equipment) has not been technical, price, and economically efficient. Net income per farmer amounted to Rp. 2,608,062.,63, per month amounted to Rp. 869,354. 21 when compared to the UMK of Rp. 2,829,558, the income of lettuce farming in the study area was relatively low.

Global Strategy and Multinational Corporation Capabilities

Strategy in a global setting involves competition in industries that extend across national boundaries and among firms with different national home bases that may tap into strategic resources in more than one location. The resources that the firm accesses from its home country provide it with international competitive advantage only if they are relevant in other markets, if the value they create is appropriable, and if they are transferable to those markets (RAT), These resources include tangible assets and factors of production, but, importantly, also the capabilities the firm develops. Similarly, the resources that it taps from other contexts provide it with further competitive advantage only if these resources are complementary to the firm’s existing resources, appropriable, and transferable to the locations where it can exploit them (CAT). These two sets of factors—RAT and CAT—provide a framework for international strategic decisions that emphasizes developing, acquiring, and transferring capabilities.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERIES

The current stage of reforming and develop-ing market structures in the domestic econ-omy requires a more detailed study of scien-tific, theoretical and conceptual provisions that would take into account the peculiarities and specifics of individual industries. The unstable position of strategically important industries is mainly due to a number of com-plex economic and social reasons that re-quire detailed study and the development of effective mechanisms for solving the existing problems. The article discusses the most generalized aspects of the formation of the organizational and economic mechanism of sustainable development of fish farms, tak-ing into account the factors of production potential.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GROWTH OF CRAFT BUSINESS IN BOGOR CITY

Bogor City has been the tourist destination for a long time, making this sector as the leading sector for the city. Tourism activities in Bogor City encourage the growth of creative industry especially craft business that reap the benefit through direct sales to the tourists as souvenirs. Many argue that unlike other industry in the economy, there are factors that influence the growth of creative industry beside factors of production. This study aims to identify factors that are significantly influencing the growth of craft business in Bogor City. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze data collected through interviews with 35 owners of craft business which randomly selected from the sample framework. The data obtained including (1) number of workers, (2) capital, (3) raw materials, (4) showroom ownership, (5) participation in exhibitions, (6) business permit ownership, (7) market orientation, and (8) production quantity. The first three data correspond with factors of production in classical economy, while the rest are related to the characteristics of creative-cultural industry. The result shows that none of the variables related to the classical economy factors of production are statistically significant in this model, instead the variables that are related to characteristics of creative-cultural industry are significant. Among other significant variables, participation in exhibition is the most significant variable in affecting the growth of craft business in Bogor City.

PROBABILISTIC APPROACH TO DETERMINING PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS

The article considers a probabilistic method for determining production functions. The method consists in finding the expected value of the function that determines the economic and mathematical principle of production. It is assumed that the factors of production and/or their specific values included in this function are random variables. It is shown that depending on the principle of production such averaging gives different probabilistic classes of production functions. Functions that are elements of the same class differ from each other in the probability distribution of the relations of production factors to their specific values. Two probabilistic classes of produc-tion functions are constructed. The first class is generated by the Leontief production principle, the second – by generalization of this principle for the case of partially or completely fungible factors of production. There are established the laws of probability distribution and the conditions, under which the linear combination of the AK-model and the Cobb-Douglas production function, as well as the CES production function, are elements of the class of Leontief production functions. It is shown that the linear production function belongs to the class of generalized Leontief production functions. The probability density functions of the products number for these two classes of pro-duction functions are found.

Returns to Farming

This chapter describes problems associated with marginal returns analysis and the form taken by the Cobb-Douglas production function. It goes on to compare the returns to production of bush- and village-field millet, for 1980 and 1981, and discusses the wide divergence in returns between crops within and between years. This is followed by comparison of returns to different factors of production with the prices at which these are occasionally available, before reviewing the reasons for some farmers showing markedly different returns from the average.

Transformation: From Sustainably Productive Agriculture to Industry?

The chapter explores issues of farm size, productivity, and structural transformation, as well as the reasons underlying performance. Productivity growth is crucial to structural transformation, and conventional wisdom held that small farms were more productive than large farms, in terms of yields per hectare. Increasingly, however, there is evidence that farms of all sizes can perform well, particularly when total factor productivity is measured in terms of all factors of production—that is, for farmers of large, medium, and small farms—rather than in terms of land productivity. Similarly, transformation theory has held that manufacturing tends to be more productive than agriculture, explaining migration from agriculture to industry and manufacturing being seen as the escalator of growth, but some evidence suggests agricultural productivity growth can be greater than growth of productivity in the manufacturing sector. Some have questioned the role of smallholder farms, suggesting development policy, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, needs to foster medium and large farms, reallocating factors of production in their favor, as the only way to achieve an increase in overall levels of productivity and food for the burgeoning urban population. The chapter also tests the hypothesis of premature deindustrialization in many low-income and low-middle-income developing countries, including relative rates of growth in agriculture, manufacturing, and the service sector.

Individual knowledge measurement: organizational knowledge measured at the individual level

Purpose Fundamental classifications of knowledge may be measurable as factors of production and can reveal evidence of specialization between adjacent stages of production even in the presence of shared substantive knowledge. This study of aims to distinguish between, and empirically measure, relative reliance on fundamental classifications of knowledge at the individual level. Design/methodology/approach In this study, investment managers were asked in an online survey to weigh their relative reliance on tacit, codified and encapsulated knowledge in executing different investment strategies for diverse client groups. Measures of relative reliance on each fundamental classification of knowledge were derived from weights assigned by each survey respondent in a series of six questions. Findings Survey respondents provided reliable measures of their relative reliance on tacit, codified and encapsulated knowledge. Reliance on these fundamental classifications of knowledge is shown to differ between investment managers, depending on the investment strategies being used and client groups served. These differences were exhibited notwithstanding all the respondents sharing common substantive knowledge. Research limitations/implications Measures of relative reliance on three classifications of knowledge were based on self-reported ratings rather than on objectively observed phenomena, making them subject to measurement error. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to observe relative reliance on tacit, codified and encapsulated knowledge in future studies. Originality/value The divergences in relative reliance on the fundamentally different knowledge-based factors of production were found in the presence of jointly held substantive knowledge, suggesting that fundamental classifications of knowledge are measurable and can provide evidence of specialization.