On Development of Muslim Community of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2021

The article is devoted to the development of the Muslim community of the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) in 2021. The author continues a series of articles exploring the Muslim community of Tatarstan in 2000–2010-s. The article concludes that stability in the religious sphere is generally maintained in the Republic of Tatarstan. In the context of the continuation of the pandemic, social activities are becoming increasingly important. The most important socio- political plot for the Tatar religious fi gures of Russia was the preparation and participation in the All- Russian Population Census of 2021. The VIII Congress of the Muslim Spiritual Administration (MSA) of the Republic of Tatarstan retained the former Mufti and Bash-qadi (the main Sharia judge) of the MSA of the Republic of Tatarstan in their posts. Law enforcement agencies continue to identify the activities and punish representatives of radical organizations banned in the Russian Federation

ISIS’s Recruitment of Women in the Physical and Online Space: Lessons Learned

This article explores ISIS’s recruitment of women in the physical and online space and the circumstances and factors that lead to them joining the organization. It begins with a general overview of the overall recruitment efforts of ISIS. Next, it analyzes a case study involving three young women – Khadiza Sultana, Amira Abase, and Shamima Begum, who were recruited by ISIS and, consequently, traveled to Syria from their London homes to become members of the organization. Then, it provides a discussion of the measures against ISIS’s recruitment efforts so far. The chapter concludes with recommended strategies against the recruitment of women for radical organizations. These strategies are grouped into three categories – strategies aimed at the organization itself, strategies aiming at protecting women from becoming vulnerable recruitment targets, and lastly, strategies against the intermediaries who make the recruitment possible.

Realizing the Horn of Africa in a New Context: Challenges and Opportunities for Peace in Somalia

In 1991 growing political pressure and infighting led to the collapse of the Somalia government. Key institutions of governance disintegrated, and public services could no longer be provided. The Somali National Army was amongst the key institutions that collapsed and, in its place, warlords and clan militias emerged to fill the gap. Henceforth for over two decades, these non-state actors competed over control of both political and economic power while other radical organizations such as Al-Shaabab emerged with an objective to establish an Islamic state. This instability thus led to displacement of populations, insecurity both at the domestic and regional level. This thesis seeks to examine how the collapse of Somali impacted the military and why moving forward in the transitional period, reforming the military is vital to the future of Somalia and geopolitical and economic stability. The thesis adopts state building and realism as it theoretical frameworks and argues for the need of military reforms within the conceptual frameworks of security reforms. Specifically, the thesis reiterated that if the Horn of Africa and the greater Eastern Africa region is to experience geopolitical and economic stability, then the SNA should undertake key reforms in order to reinforce its capacity to resolve domestic instability in Somalia which is the causal factor in geopolitical and economic instability caused by threats such as terrorism, piracy, and bilateral tensions between regional states. The study suggests that reforms in the military such institutional capacity building, coordination of security assistance, and establishing civilian oversight over military is critical in reviving the capacity of SNA and with it, the first step towards restoring regional stability.

The Transformation of Radical Movement in Yogyakarta post-2019 Presidential Election

Radical movements colored the 2019 Elections, especially the dichotomy of the Jokowi and Prabowo camps. This phenomenon also occurs among the people of Yogyakarta after the 2019 Presidential Election. The research aims to map the transformation of fundamentalist groups in Yogyakarta after the 2019 Presidential Election. The significant analysis was carried out to provide sources of information to the public and government regarding the transformation of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) after the 2019 Presidential Election. The researchers used qualitative descriptive methods with the analysis of the theory of social resource mobilization. The research results showed that the transformation of the radical movement that formerly took the anarchist forms and down to the streets, now is more focused and organized by entering the community through religious education and recitation groups, both in universities and at household meetings. This research concludes that in order not to be parallel to HTI, which the government dissolved, the transformation of tranquility is one way to maintain the existence of radical organizations but in a more friendly framework or guise. All of these resource mobilization movements take the form of informal social networks.

How Irkutsk Became a “Hotbed of Socialism” or About the Exile of Students to the Irkutsk Province in 1899–1903

The article is devoted to the students of higher educational institutions of the center of Russia, who were expelled by the administrative order to the Irkutsk province for their active participation in the protest movement of 1899–1902, aimed at expanding the independence of universities and real, rather than formal, student self-government. Despite the lack of documentary and historiographic sources, the author determined the number and geography of the placement of “former students” in places of exile, showing the main forms of their participation in the local opposition movement. It is concluded that exiled students played a significant role in the design and development of left-wing radical organizations in Irkutsk in the late 19th – early 20th centuries.

INDONESIA AND THEIR RADICAL ORGANIZATIONS CORRELATION TO THE INDONESIAN UNITY FUTURE

ABSTRACT This paper provides an overview about the activities of radical Indonesian organizations and their relation to Indonesian Unity's Future. This study’s objective is to show the praxis and philosophy of radicalism are a big risk to Indonesia's future. This study will be carried out by analyzing some information or data and phenomena in press and kinds of literature in terms of radicalize organizations. This study is literature-based research in Indonesia from some books, journals, and hypotheses about radicalism. All in all, this paper calls on all facets about government, academic institutions, and people to mitigate the radicalism motion in Indonesian. Keywords: Islam, Radical, Violence

The Question of the Legitimacy of the Hashemite Regime in Jordan: the Islamic Radical Organizations, the Western Territories and Israel

This article explores the question of the legitimacy of the Hashemite regime in Jordan. Jordanian public opinion, on the one hand, recognizes the regime, in large part because of its genealogical descent from the Prophet Muhammad. Radical Islamic organizations, on the other hand, reject it for its ties to the West and Israel. The article examines how the views of Islamic movements towards the Hashemite regime have evolved. The Muslim Brotherhood originally recognized the legitimacy of the Hashemite regime, but changed that position in response to Jordan’s 1994 peace treaty with Israel. al-Qāʿidah and ISIS have never recognized Hashemite rule as legitimate. They have tried to undermine its political stability and, indeed, to overthrow it, rejecting its secularism and cooperation with Israel and the West. The terrorist organizations al-Qāʿidah and ISIS find support and sympathy among Jordanians, but as they committed more terrorist attacks, the Jordanian public has turned away from them and its support for the Hashemite regime has grown. The Hashemite regime thus remains stable and strong and enjoys legitimacy in the eyes of the majority of Jordanians.

RADICALISING THE TRADITIONALISTS

The post-New Order Indonesian politics has provided a political opportunity structure for the state towards democratization. It has a double-edged sword whatsoever: on the one hand democratization could lead to the civic engagement, but on the other hand, it provides a hot bed for the flourishing of anti-civic organization. As for the latter, following the fall of authoritarian regime of new Order in 1998, Indonesians have also witnessed the birth of transnational Islamist and radical organizations threatening the state’s integrity and peaceful coexistence of the citizens. Amid the public appearance of these radical organization, an issue of ideological infiltration and sabotage of radical organization upon mainstreaming moderate Muslim organizations, such as Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah do exist. This article tries to reveal the impacts of a such infiltration practices and the extent that radical narratives win the minds and hearts of important Muslim leaders. Taking a closer a look to Muslim leaders in Sampang district in the island of Madura, the centrum of traditionalist Muslim in Indonesian Islamo-landscape, finds out that intolerant and radical ideologies do resonate clearly among the leaders. This finding resort as an alarm and counter-narrative to the long-admired Islamic traditionalism as an important backbone for moderate Islam in Indonesia.

Acts of Terrorism as a Threat to Global Security

The article is focused on the global issue of terrorism, which in recent years has not only become a common occurrence in the social and political life in the most regions in the world, but has also been showing signs of social constancy. The growing threat of terrorism to internal and external security of European countries, including the Russian Federation, as well as many other countries, is rather evident. Terror is a universal weapon used today by various radical organizations. This can be proved by the increased number of politically motivated crimes in recent decades, as well as the number of terror victims.

Make love, not war?: Radical environmental activism’s reconfigurative potential and pitfalls

New radical environmental action movements are attracting large numbers of diverse actors who inevitably will take inspiration and learn from mistakes of those radical environmental organizations that precede them and continue today into middle age. The representational strategies of these established organizations are of specific interest as they enter a maturity phase that coincides with the planet experiencing an unprecedented anthropogenic moment of reckoning – a time when more broadly engaging and transformative activism is paramount to reconfiguring ecological, societal, and spatial orientations. We focus on Sea Shepherd, a global ocean protection organization founded in the same decade as many other formatively radical organizations, to examine its historic and current representations of its direct action stance; its multiple and at times conflicting positioning of cetaceans; its emphasis on celebrity and timely campaigns; and its longstanding military, war, and piracy framing – much of which has garnered attention based on appealing to news values of conventional media outlets. We illustrate ways direct action may be framed as in opposition to current extractive practices ( against framing) or as a collaborative means to thriving futures ( with framing) and consider ways activism frames might eschew violent clashes and celebrity long valued by conventional media outlets and speak more to today’s broader internet-savvy populations and to the reconfigurative potential of guardianship, interconnectedness, and nurturance.