The Functional-Cognitive Characteristics of Interrogative Utterances in Modern Ukrainian

The Functional-Cognitive Characteristics of Interrogative Utterances in Modern UkrainianThe article presents a comprehensive multifaceted description of interrogative sentences in terms of the interaction of their semantic-syntactic (syntaxeme) and formal-grammatical articulation with their communicative articulation (relevant). The syntaxeme structure of interrogative sentences is determined according to the communicative intentions of the speaker. In particular, the following substantial syntaxemes, which serve as a means of modelling questions, are outlined: 1) the indefinite-interrogative subject of an action (physical, locative, intellectual, verbal); 2) the indefinite-interrogative subject of a state (physical, psycho-emotional, intellectual, locative, emotional-evaluative attitude, possessive); 3) the indefinite-interrogative subject of qualification feature, identification; 4) the indefinite-interrogative subject of a qualitative feature; 5) the indefinite-interrogative subject of a process; 6) the indefinite-interrogative object of an action (physical, intellectual-mental, verbal, perceptual); 7) the indefinite-interrogative object of a state (desire, intellectual); 8) the indefinite-interrogative object of a process (physical, psycho-emotional); 9) the indefinite-interrogative object of a qualitative feature; 10) the indefinite-interrogative addressee of an action or state; 11) the indefinite-interrogative means or instrument of an action; 12) the indefinite-interrogative locative.All of these syntaxemes replace the positions of controlled subordinate parts in the formal-syntactic structure of a simple sentence. The emphasis is placed on interrogative words in the field of adverbial syntaxemes, in particular time, reasons, purposes, conditions, manner, and sources of information, which at the formal-syntactic level remain in the position of determinants — subordinate parts of the sentence. The specifics of the thematic-rhematic articulation of interrogative utterances and their communicative variants are examined. It is found that the communicative intention of the speaker’s request determines the intonation type of the question (full dictal, partial dictal, full modal, partial modal), and the syntaxeme and formal structure of the interrogative sentence. The communicative intention also determines the semantic, morphological and positional variants of the interrogative marker. It is observed that interrogative words are usually positioned at the beginning of the sentence and form the rheme of the sentence. Funkcjonalno-kognitywna charakterystyka zdań interrogatywnych we współczesnym języku ukraińskimAutorzy dokonują kompleksowego i wieloaspektowego opisu zdań interrogatywnych w planie interakcji ich wymowy semantyczno-syntaktycznej (syntaksemowej) i formalno-gramatycznej z ich wymową komunikacyjną (relewantną). Struktura syntaksemowa zdań interrogatywnych jest określana w zależności od intencji komunikacyjnej mówiącego. W szczególności zarysowują się następujące istotne syntaksemy, które służą do modelowania pytań: 1) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot czynności (fizyczny, lokatywny, intelektualny, werbalny); 2) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot stanu (fizyczny, psycho-emocjonalny, intelektualny, lokatywny, stosunek emocjonalno-oceniający, zaborczy); 3) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot cechy kwalifikacyjnej, identyfikacyjnej; 4) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot cechy jakościowej; 5) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot procesu; 6) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot czynności (fizycznej, intelektualno-mentalnej, werbalnej, percepcyjnej); 7) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot stanu (pożądanego, intelektualnego); 8) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot procesu (fizycznego, psychiczno-emocjonalnego); 9) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot cechy jakościowej; 10) nieokreślony-interrogatywny adresat czynności lub stanu; 11) nieokreślony-interrogatywny środek lub narzędzie czynności; 12) nieokreślony-interrogatywny miejscownik.Wszystkie te syntaksemy zastępują pozycje członów podrzędnych w strukturze formalno-syntaktycznej zdania prostego. W zakresie składni przysłówkowej nacisk położony jest na wyrazy pytające, w szczególności o czas, przyczyny, cele, warunki, sposób i źródła informacji, które na poziomie formalnosyntaktycznym pozostają w pozycji determinantów — części podrzędnych zdania. Badana jest specyfika artykulacji tematyczno-rematycznej wypowiedzi interrogatywnych i ich wariantów komunikacyjnych. Stwierdza się, że intencja komunikacyjna prośby mówiącego decyduje o typie intonacyjnym pytania oraz o strukturze składniowej i formalnej zdania pytającego. Intencja komunikacyjna determinuje również warianty semantyczne, morfologiczne i pozycyjne znacznika interrogatywnego. Stwierdza się, że wyrazy interrogatywne są zwykle umieszczane na początku zdania i tworzą jego remat.

Lexicography of New Words with the Semantics of Unity and Enmity

The question of the lexicographic description of new words that appeared in the Russian in the period from 2000 to 2020, the thematic groups “Unity” and “Enmity” is considered. A prospectus of an explanatory dictionary of neologisms is presented, namely: the principles of selecting nominations for registration, the structure of a dictionary entry, the rules for describing a lexical unit. It is noted that linguistic facts are registered, in the meanings of which the semes of unity and enmity are contained in the denotative part of the meaning, and words, the semantics of which is determined by the evaluative attitude of the speakers, are not recorded. The inclusion of new linguistic units in the dictionary is substantiated due to their absence in other lexicographic sources or a description in a smaller volume than is planned in the source being created. It is pointed out that the leading principles of registering new words in the dictionary being created are the activity of their use, the integrity of the description and the attitude towards the reflection of the linguistic worldview. Using the example of neologisms of different parts of speech, the structure of a dictionary entry is described, which includes, in addition to the heading word and meaning, grammatical and stylistic characteristics, information about the origin and valence, illustrative material demonstrating variants of use in speech, equivalent lexical units, antonyms and derivatives.

Language representation of modality category in news discourse

The present paper aims to examine language patterns of modality category actualization in news discourse. Continuous sampling was used to select 65 informational articles from 2 American journals – “Time” and “Newsweek” that served as the material for the study. Morphological, syntactical and lexical means of reality and irreality manifestation were identified and further interpreted using grammatical, semantic and contextual analysis. The obtained results indicate the following. The modality category in the news discourse was realized in 5 particular meanings: 1) actuality in present usual situations; 2) actuality in present current situations; 3) actuality related to the past; 4) reality in a broad sense; 5) irreality. It can be explained by the author’s aim to provide updated detailed informing of readers about any significant event. Describing this or that event, the author intentionally chooses morphological, syntactical and, very rarely, lexical means which give an opportunity to reveal subjective evaluative attitude amid the objective narrative that makes up the modality category. A major morphological means was a tense-aspect verb form. Syntactical instruments involved various interrogative constructions including parallel ones.

THE PROBLEM OF EXPRESSION NON-CATEGORICAL STATEMENTS IN LINGUISTIC TEXTS

The article deals with the issues based on the study of non-categorical statements in a linguistic text in modern English. The essence of scientific communication is a message, or the transmission by means of language of some mental content, including the expression of an intellectual-evaluative attitude to the subject of speech. The content of intellectual assessments is conditioned by knowledge and experience of intellectual and material activities of people.In a scientific text, this attitude can be the result of verifying the truth of what is expressed by the author himself or by another scientist or a team of researchers, as well as confirmation or refutation of apreviously formed assessment that served as the basis for further discussion

The Impact of Speech Clichés (on the Material of Constitutions of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Periods)

Speech impact with the anthropocentric approach significantly expands its boundaries. Studying the ideologically oriented Constitutions of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods from the position of pragmalinguistics, a speech impact was revealed through an ideologized speech cliche. This concept is understood as a ready-to-use speech formula that is deliberately introduced into the collective subconscious of the speakers of a given language and capable of exercising an emotionally-evaluative impact on the text recipient. A perlocutionary pragmalinguistic experiment was conducted to determine the emotional-evaluative attitude of representatives of two different generations (retired military and graduates of secondary schools) towards ideologized speech cliches in the Constitutions of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. In this experiment, the preambles were investigated - the introductory parts of five Constitutions (K. of the RSFSR of 1918, K. of the USSR of 1924, K. of the USSR of 1936, K. of the USSR of 1977, and K. of the Russian Federation of 1993), in which many ideologized speech clichés were concentrated.

Esthetics of poetic discourse

Using the examples of poetry texts by Lina Kostenko, the article provides insight into the concept of speech act analysis of poetic text. This concept elaborates J. Searle’s intentionality concept, T. v. Dijk’s thesis on literary speech act and A. Merilai’s pragmatic poetics. Based upon the Jakobsonian notion of self-referentiality, А. Merilai believes that the poetic utterance performs two speech acts that correspond to two contexts of literary perception: 1) the narrow context, or the aspect of content and reference, 2) the broad context, or the aspect of expression and self-reference. Developing this point, I propose to distinguish two kinds of author’s intention in the poetic discourse: referential and aesthetic, which correlate with the two contexts. The aesthetic intention is the author’s mental direction at the created word form with a positive emotional-evaluative attitude toward it. In a poetic text, the author can express: a) content, by correlating words with states of affairs in the external world, i.e. making reference per se; b) his attitude toward this content, i. e. a referential intention; c) his attitude toward the language form, through which the content is expressed, referring utterances to themselves or making self-reference, i. e. an aesthetic intention. Thus, two speech acts are performed simultaneously: 1) referential, based on the reference per se and the referential intention; it involves an illocution and is fictional; 2) self-referential, based on the self-reference and the aesthetic intention. The latter is a subtype of expressive illocution; the author has an illocutionary goal to express a positive emotional-evaluative attitude toward the word form, as well as a perlocutionary goal to affect the reader's aesthetic feelings regarding this form. Further research should establish the pragmatic characteristics of the poetic discourse of different authors, literary directions and genres.

Językowy autoportret malarza orientalisty w listach prywatnych Stanisława Chlebowskiego

The considerations set out in the article are the reason for the studies on idiolects of extraordinary creative persons of the past ages. The basis for the study is 487 private letters of a Sultan’s painter – Stanisław Chlebowski (1835–1884), sent to the family settled in Krakow, and J.I. Kraszewski, living in Drezno. The aim of the discussion is the analysis of a linguistic layer of correspondence, including especially the lexical part and phraseology, which allow for a reconstruction of the artist-painter self-portrait – his self-assessment of own works, attitude towards art, creative work, signs of everyday life and social contacts of the sender. The examined means of linguistic discourse externalize the internal states of the writer, his emotional and evaluative attitude towards the presented content, especially himself.