Design and Fabrication of Elevators Using AVR Microcontroller

Men, along with the progress in his civilization and daily life, felt the need more and more every day that in addition to all the facilities and tools he had created for himself to move horizontally, he needed a tool to move himself and his tools and loads in the horizontal direction. Is. Images have been recorded in history that show that he invented methods for vertical movement in the distant past. Initially, this was done by levers and animals. An elevator is a permanent public vehicle that moves between predefined levels. The elevator is the only means of transportation used by all age groups and is the most common means of vertical movement in the world. The elevator is installed inside an environment that consists of three parts: 1. Engine room 2. Elevator well 3. Well. The gearbox motor acts as the heart of the elevator and the control panel acts as the core of the elevator. The aim of this research is to simulate and build the circuit and the building of the elevator so that it can be equipped with new facilities and sensors by using reprogramming if necessary to make its operation safer and provide more comfort for the passengers. Here we have programmed the AVR microcontroller using codevisionAVR software and performed the simulation using Proteus software.

Future Directions for Human-Centered Transparent Systems for Engine Room Monitoring in Shore Control Centers

Many autonomous ship projects have reflected the increasing interest in incorporating the concept of autonomy into the maritime transportation sector. However, autonomy is not a silver bullet, as exemplified by many incidents in the past involving human and machine interaction; rather it introduces new Human Factor (HF) challenges. These challenges are especially critical for Engine Room Monitoring (ERM) in Shore Control Centre (SCCs) due to the system’s complexity and the absence of human senses in the decision-making process. A transparent system is one of the potential solutions, providing a rationale behind its suggestion. However, diverse implementations of transparency schemes have resulted in prevalent inconsistencies in its effects. This literature review paper investigates 17 transparency studies published over the last eight years to identify (a) different approaches to developing transparent systems, (b) the effects of transparency on key HFs, and (c) the effects of information presentation methods and uncertainty information. The findings suggest that the explicit presentation of information could strengthen the benefits of the transparent system and could be promising for performance improvements in ERM tasks in the SCC.

APPLICATION OF FUZZY ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROSES FOR ERROR DETECTION OF AUXILARY SYSTEMS OF SHIP MAIN DIESEL ENGINES

Ship engine room has a structure which has to meet a number of needs with regard to administrative conditions. Therefore, when the complicated structure of engine room are considered, even a simple mechanical failure, if no measures taken abruptly, grows into irreversible condition, causing losses that cannot be compensated. A well-qualified ship engine conductor along with an effective error detection system is needed to detect failure and act immediately against any engine impairments possible. This study aims to manage troubleshooting in main engine auxiliary systems which cover cooling, lubricating and cooling oil and fuel systems. The study is also thought to be a good reference for maintenance processes for marine engineering operators. Breakdown of main engine equipment are examined and troubles hooting program is developed for using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (F-AHP) determine solution methods and causes of such breakdowns. In this paper, a fuzzy Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methodology was proposed to determine the most effected system of the ship main diesel engine. The results showed that fuel system was the most effected alternative, as being followed subsequently by cooling system, governor system, air supply system and oiling system. The results were based upon the opinions of three experts groups who ranked the ship main diesel engine systems alternatives according to twenty-nine criteria expert selected.

STUDY OF GAS FUEL LEAKAGE AND EXPLOSION IN THE ENGINE ROOM OF A SMALL LNG-FUELED SHIP

The engine fuel piping in LNG-fuelled ships’ engine room presents potential gas explosion risks due to possible gas fuel leakage and dispersion. A 3D CFD model with chemical reaction was described, validated and then used to simulate the possible gas dispersion and the consequent explosions in an engine room with regulations commanded ventilations. The results show that, with the given minor leaking of a fuel pipe, no more than 1kg of methane would accumulate in the engine room. The flammable gas clouds only exit in limited region and could lead to explosions with an overpressure about 12 mbar, presenting no injury risk to personnel. With the given major leaking, large region in the engine room would be filled with flammable gas cloud within tens of seconds. The gas cloud might lead to an explosion pressure of about 1 bar or higher, which might result in serious casualties in the engine room.

VIABILITY OF USING ENGINE ROOM SIMULATORS FOR EVALUATION MACHINERY PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT ONBOARD SHIPS

The maritime institutions aim at contributing to reducing the adverse effects arising from the ships, machinery operation through the possibilities exit in the engine room simulators. The current paper explains the importance of engine room simulators in maritime education in general and focuses on their use in the field of evaluation and management of machinery within the engine room space. As a case study, an electric powered passenger ship and an oil tanker ship are investigated regarding applying ship energy management onboard. This investigation could be achieved using the possibilities available in TRANSIS ERS 5000. With reference to passenger ships, the results show the possibility of saving energy with a reduction of CO, SOx, CO2 and C emissions by about 7.97, 10.54, 12.36, and 20.11%, respectively. However, regarding tanker ships, the results reveal that a reduction of speed by 10% will achieve fuel saving by about 25%.

HUMAN FACTORS IN SHIP DESIGN AND OPERATION: A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE THEORETICAL CONSTRUCT

This technical note presents an analysis of the underlying factors of human factors in ship design based on questionnaires distributed on two offshore supply vessels operating in the Norwegian Sea. The concept of human factors in ship design is still evolving. The purpose of this paper is to present a preliminary model of the human factors construct by using a factor analysis method. The results confirm the existence of controllability, workability and habitability as the principal factors of human factors in ship design. Three other factors that emerged are cargo facilities, reliability, automation and maintainability (RAM) and interfacing complexity. Bridging variables found between these factors include elements such as safety, manoeuvring, engine room and bridge design. A preliminary model of how the components or parts relate to human factors in ship design and operation is developed. The model also indicates the parties who are responsible for the various aspects of ship design from a human factors perspective.

THE RE-DESIGN OF A MARINE ENGINE ROOM SIMULATOR IN CONSIDERATION TO ERGONOMICS DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Simulators can be used as sophisticated, flexible and realistic training tools which are capable of meeting many of the designated functions and tasks. An engine room simulator consists of simulation of various machinery systems in the engine room of a ship. This type of simulator is very significant and compulsory for marine engineering education. Istanbul Technical University Maritime Faculty (ITUMF) obtained a set of full-mission simulator and workstation simulators in 2001. However, it was realized that the ergonomic principles were not applied properly. Therefore it was not possible to generate the real engine room conditions with this simulator due to lack of some operations and displays on the mimic panel. Some of the mimics and displays were not similar to ones on board ship. This situation was negatively affecting the performance of engine room simulator training. And the mimic panel was re-designed and installed in 2006. In this study, the ergonomics principles for designing a mimic panel are determined and the application of ergonomic principles to a mimic panel is explained. The ergonomic gains of applied ergonomics principles are mentioned. Even more the effects on the marine engineering education are stated.

A FUZZY DEMATEL MODEL PROPOSAL FOR THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF THE FAULT OCCURRING IN THE AUXILIARY SYSTEMS OF THE SHIPS’ MAIN ENGINE

The ship engine room has a structure that meets a number of needs related to administrative conditions. Even if a simple mechanical error is considered to be the addition of human errors into the complex structure of the engine room, it can lead to undetected loss. How the causes and effects of the detected faults affect the system is as important as an effective fault detection system to detect the fault and take immediate action against any possible engine failure. This study reveals the causes of problems occurring in the main engine auxiliary systems including cooling, lubricating, cooling oil and fuel systems, and the extent of these problems affecting the system. While the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory supports to identify and analyze the error detection of auxiliary systems with respect to causal effect relation diagram, fuzzy sets deal with the uncertainty in decision-making and human judgements through the DEMATEL. Therefore, fuzzy DEMATEL approach is applied to examine the causes and the weights of the faults and their relation to each other in the auxiliary systems. When we look at the result of the proposed approach, fuel oil pump failures has more impact on the all system and air cooler problems has the second highest place among the all errors.