New Archaeological Discoveries: Gates and Turrets of 16th century Burmese Royal Capital of Haṁsāvatī | ရှးေ ရောငး် သရု ေသနဆငုိ ှ် ာရေ့ေ ှခိေ ျကအ် သစမ် ျား - (၁၆) ှာစ ုလကှ် ာ ေသံ ာဝေမီ မုိ ့ရောမ် ေေခံ ါးရေါကန် ငေ ပ့် ေအးုိ များ

This paper explores the styles of construction and the city features of the sixteenth century royal capital of Haṁsāvatī, located in Bago, Myanmar. It was founded by King Bayinnaung in 1566 CE. Throughout its existence, the ancient city has been devastated by natural disasters, weak heritage conservation policies, and urban encroachments. Starting from 2018, excavation work on Haṁsāvatī wall was started and research was carried out on up to four excavation mounds. Archaeological excavations have revealed a wealth of evidence on architecture, including the city walls, gateways, and turrets. This research examines the architectural elements found during the excavations of the Haṁsāvatī wall, construction techniques, renovations and destructions throughout centuries. New hypotheses and discoveries from excavations, cross-examinations with historical records will also be presented. ဤစာတမ်းငယ်သည် မမန်မာနိုင်ငံ၊ ပဲခူးမမို့တွင် တည်ရှိသသာ (၁၆) ရာစုနှစ်လက်ရာ ဟံသာဝတီမမို့သတာ်၏ တည်သောက်မှုပုံစံနှင့် မမို့မပအင်္ဂါရပ်တို့ကို ရှာသွွသွာ်ထုတ်ထားပါသည်။ ဤမမို့သတာ်ကို ဘုရင့်သနာင်မင်းတရားကကီးက သအဒီ (၁၅၆၆) တွင် စတင်တည်သထာင်ခဲ့မခင်းမွစ်သည်။ ရာဇဝင်နှင့်မှတ်တမ်းများအရ မမို့သဟာင်းသည် သဘာဝသဘးအန္တရာယ်၊ ထိန်းသိမ်းမှုမူဝါဒညံ့ွျင်းမှုများနှင့် မမို့မပကျူးသကျာ်မှုများကို တည်ရှိလာသည့်ကာလတစ်သလှောက် များစွာခံစားခဲ့ရသသးသည်။ (၂၀၁၈) ခုနှစ်မှ စတင်၍ ဟံသာဝတီမမို့သဟာင်းတူးသွာ်မှုလုပ်ငန်းများကို စတင်နိုင်ခဲ့မပီး လက်ရှိအချနိ ်အထိ တူးသွာ်မှုကုန်းသလးခုအထိ သုသတသနမပုလုပ်နိုင်ခဲ့မပီးမွစ်ပါသည်။ မမို့ရိုး၊ မမို့တံခါးသပါက်၊ မပအိုးအစရှိသည့် များစွာသသာ ဗိသုကာေိုင်ရာအသထာက်အထားများကိုလည်း သရှး သဟာင်းသုသတသနေိုင်ရာတူးသွာ်မှုများမှတစ်ေင့် သွာ်ထုတ်နိုင်ခဲ့မပီးမွစ်ပါသည်။ ယခုသုသတသနသည် ဟံသာဝတီမမို့ရိုးတူးသွာ်မှုမှ သတွ့ရှိရသည့် ဗိသုကာေိုင်ရာ အင်္ဂါရပ်များ၊

Quantifying the perceptions of the 2018 Palu earthquake survivors on the use of light bricks as a wall material of simple house

The construction of new housing for rehabilitation and reconstruction purposes must minimize the risks that may occur due to earthquakes, one of which is by using light materials (light bricks) as wall construction. However, the use of light bricks is often misunderstood by earthquake survivors because they are considered to have insufficient strength as a construction material. This paper intends to introduce light bricks to exposed communities and further quantify their perceptions of the application of this material to the rehabilitation and reconstruction of their buildings. The introduction of the material is done through socialization by displaying the results of laboratory tests of compressive strength and showing evidence of the application of this material in other places. The perceptions of the impacted community were analyzed from questionnaire results to 50 respondents with ten questions as the measurement reference. The results of the analysis show that almost all respondents show fairly good acceptance of light brick applications with a score of 3.70 of 5. Based on perception, the use of light bricks as a wall material has the opportunity to be applied for residential rehabilitation and reconstruction as a result of the 2018 Palu earthquake.

BcMF27 , a Pectin Methylesterase Gene, Regulates Pollen Development And Pollen Tube Growth in Brassica Campestris

Functional pollen grains are an essential ingredient of successful reproduction in flowering plants and are protected by outer walls. Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) modify pectin, a structural component of pollen intine. However, there are few studies on PMEs. Artificial microRNA (amiRNA) and overexpression technology was performed to investigate the function of pollen-specific PME gene, BcMF27, in pollen development. Knockdown of BcMF27 led to pollen wall collapse, 20% of which unknown material adhered to. Wall-collapsed pollen had abnormally thick intine outside of the germinal furrows. A portion of the cytoplasm was degraded in the remaining pollen with unknown material on the wall, in addition to a thick intine. Overexpression of BcMF27 resulted in 66.67% pollen wall disruption, causing an abnormally thick intine. In addition, functional interruption of BcMF27 gave rise to pollen tubes twisted in vitro. Taken together, BcMF27 contributes to the intine morphogenesis during pollen development and stabilizes pollen tube elongation. This research can promote knowledge of PMEs function and the molecular mechanism in pollen wall construction.