Innovation in Nonbusiness Organizations from a Conceptual Point of View

The definitions of innovation have been transformed a lot over time since Schumpeter introduced his concept. Even recently one of the most prestigious innovation management references, the Oslo Manual have changed its concept. One rarely discussed aspect of the concept of innovation is that most of the definitions are referring to the business sector; only a few of them are referring to any kinds of organizations, including non-profit and governmental organizations. Any kind of organization must innovate sooner or later; therefore they have to learn how to manage innovation effectively and efficiently. That is why the broad type of definitions is recommended, involving not only for-profit organizations but non-profit and governmental organizations as well.

Decoding Methods in Neural Language Generation: A Survey

Neural encoder-decoder models for language generation can be trained to predict words directly from linguistic or non-linguistic inputs. When generating with these so-called end-to-end models, however, the NLG system needs an additional decoding procedure that determines the output sequence, given the infinite search space over potential sequences that could be generated with the given vocabulary. This survey paper provides an overview of the different ways of implementing decoding on top of neural network-based generation models. Research into decoding has become a real trend in the area of neural language generation, and numerous recent papers have shown that the choice of decoding method has a considerable impact on the quality and various linguistic properties of the generation output of a neural NLG system. This survey aims to contribute to a more systematic understanding of decoding methods across different areas of neural NLG. We group the reviewed methods with respect to the broad type of objective that they optimize in the generation of the sequence—likelihood, diversity, and task-specific linguistic constraints or goals—and discuss their respective strengths and weaknesses.

Restoring statistical validity in group analyses of motion-corrupted MRI data

Motion during the acquisition of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data degrades image quality, hindering our capacity to characterize disease in patient populations. Quality control procedures allow the exclusion of the most affected images from analysis. However, the criterion for exclusion is difficult to determine objectively and exclusion can lead to a suboptimal compromise between image quality and sample size. We provide an alternative, data-driven solution that assigns weights to each image, computed from an index of image quality using restricted maximum likelihood. We illustrate this method through the analysis of brain MRI data. The proposed method restores the validity of statistical tests, and performs near optimally in all brain regions, despite local effects of head motion. This method is amenable to the analysis of a broad type of MRI data and can accommodate any measure of image quality.

Polystichum asiae-minoris (Dryopteridaceae), a new fern from Kastamonu, Turkey

A new fern of Polystichum (Dryopteridaceae), P. asia-minoris, is described and illustrated from Horma Canyon in the borders of Küre Mountains National Park in Kastamonu Province located in the north of Turkey. Polystichum asia-minoris is distinguishable from the morphologically similar P. obliquum by having pinnae abaxially densely covered with broad-type microscales. It is not certain to which lineage the new species closely allied. The new species has extremely narrow distribution and is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) following IUCN Red List Criteria.

The Efficiency of using Simmental x Holstein Hybrids of Various Types of Body Composition

In crossbred cows, three exterior and body composition types are distinguished: dense shallow, dense medium, and dense broad. Cows of broad type were superior to their peers of shallow type in height at the withers by 3.98 cm, by chest depth by 3.33 cm, by chest width by 8.25 cm, by chest girth by 5.5 cm, and by the slope body length by 5.37 cm. Cows of the medium type take an intermediate position. The share of the cows of the broad type is 67.5 %, they have a broader body, have an advantage in the indices of the breast width (5.5 – 9.2 %, P ≤ 0.001), and pelvic-thoracic width (7.2 – 13.1 %, P ≤ 0.001), but are inferior in the index of leg length (0.6 – 0.9 %). During the first lactation, heifers of shallow type gave 5,353 kg of milk, which was more by 500 – 539 kg than from heifers of the medium and broad types (P ≥ 0.99). In terms of the live weight, the calves obtained from the mothers of the broad type are superior to their peers at birth by 1.6 – 2.5 kg; at the age of three months, the difference between the groups of animals reached 8.0 – 13.0 kg (P ≤ 0.01, P ≤ 0.001); at the age of six months —15.0 – 25.0 kg (P ≤ 0.001); at the age of nine-months — 17.0 – 28.0 kg (P ≤ 0.001); at the age of twelve months — 25.0 – 44.0 kg (P ≤ 0.001); at the age of fifteen months — 25.0 – 46.0 kg (P ≤ 0.001); and at the age of eighteen months — 30.0 – 52.0 kg (P ≤ 0.001). By the weight of hot carcass, calves of the broad type were superior to their peers of the shallow type by 38.9 kg (P ≤ 0.01), and to those of the medium type — by 23 kg (P ≤ 0.05). The yield of boneless meat per 1 kg of bones in the calves of the shallow type was 3.87 kg, of the medium type — 4.10 kg, and of the broad type — 4.22 kg (P ≤ 0.05). The coefficient of feed protein and energy conversion to the dietary protein in the edible part of the carcass was higher in the calves of the broad type, which was due to the more intensive accumulation of muscle and adipose tissues in their organisms.

Phytoclimatic Stages and Vegetation in Baden - Württemberg and Emilia - Romagna

The assessment of ecosystems and landscapes requires reliable and simple tools. Climate determines broad type and distribution of ecosystems. Therefore, it is a major factor to consider in environmental analysis and ecological regionalization. A standardized bioclimatic classification would be useful to characterize and compare different ecosystems. In this paper, Defaut’s Phytoclimatic System (DSPS) was tested at regional scale in two European areas: Baden-Württemberg (Germany) and Emilia-Romagna (Italy). DSPS phytoclimatic units and vegetation belts and climatic parameters are illustrated and discussed. In addition, as an example application, a map of phytoclimatic units of Emilia-Romagna is designed. Some challenges in matching vegetation to DSPS were found: 1) in areas where transition from one stage to another are not sharply delineated and different vegetation types are intermixed; 2) in alluvial lowlands; 3) in heavily anthropized areas. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that DSPS can be a useful tool in ecological regionalization and in landscape analysis.

Substellar and low-mass dwarf identification with near-infrared imaging space observatories

Aims. We aim to evaluate the near-infrared colors of brown dwarfs as observed with four major infrared imaging space observatories: the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the Euclid mission, and the WFIRST telescope. Methods. We used the SPLAT SPEX/ISPEX spectroscopic library to map out the colors of the M-, L-, and T-type dwarfs. We have identified which color–color combination is optimal for identifying broad type and which single color is optimal to then identify the subtype (e.g., T0-9). We evaluated each observatory separately as well as the narrow-field (HST and JWST) and wide-field (Euclid and WFIRST) combinations. Results. The Euclid filters perform equally well as HST wide filters in discriminating between broad types of brown dwarfs. WFIRST performs similarly well, despite a wider selection of filters. However, subtyping with any combination of Euclid and WFIRST observations remains uncertain due to the lack of medium, or narrow-band filters. We argue that a medium band added to the WFIRST filter selection would greatly improve its ability to preselect brown dwarfs its imaging surveys. Conclusions. The HST filters used in high-redshift searches are close to optimal to identify broad stellar type. However, the addition of F127M to the commonly used broad filter sets would allow for unambiguous subtyping. An improvement over HST is one of two broad and medium filter combinations on JWST: pairing F140M with either F150W or F162M discriminates very well between subtypes.

Expression and production optimization of the cationic antimicrobial peptide - indolicidin by the recombinant E. coli C41 (DE3) clones

The cytoplasmic granules of bovine neutrophils naturally possess indolicidin - a promising cationic antimicrobial peptide as it displays inherent inhibitory activities against a broad type of microbial pathogens. In this study, a shake flask level production and expression optimizations of the indolicidin by the recombinant Escherichia coli C41 (DE3) clones (transformed with pET21a(+) plasmid carrying indolicidin gene) were carried out under standard conditions, as to determine the conditions required for maximal production. It was determined that a concentration of 1 mM of IPTG was effective, the 2×YT with salts and LB media at pH 7.5 with 3-6 h of incubation were required for maximal indolicidin expression.

Computer-tomographic characteristics of dental arts in young men and women with physiological bite, depending on types of faces

Correct approach to orthodontic treatment of patients requires studying the size of teeth and dental arches in representatives of different ethnic, age and sexual groups with physiological bite, depending on the features of the shape of the head and face type. The purpose of the work is to establish the limits of the percentile scope and the peculiarities of the computer-tomographic characteristics of dental arches in young men and young women with physiological bite, depending on the type of face. Primary computer-tomographic dimensions of dental arc characteristics, as well as cephalometric parameters 44 young men and 50 young women with normal occlusion close to orthognathic bite were obtained from the data bank of the research center of the National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya. Face type was determined using the Garson morphological index. The statistical processing of the obtained results was carried out using the statistical package “Statistica 6.0” using nonparametric estimation methods. In young men and young women with a physiological bite with different face types, the borders of the percentile range of the following distances are defined: between the apexes of the palatinal roots of the upper first molars, between the apexes of the distal cheek roots of the upper first molars, between the apexes of the medial vestibular roots of the upper first molars, between the apexes of the medial the roots of the lower first molars, between the apexes of the distal roots of the lower first molars, between the molar points by Pon, between the premolar points by Pon, between medial vestibular hills of first molars, between the cutting hills of the upper canines, between root apex the upper canines, between the tops of the lower canines, between root apex of the lower canines; as well as canine sagittal distance of the upper jaw, premolar sagittal distance of the upper jaw, molar sagittal distance of the upper jaw, depth of the palate at the level of the canines, depth of the palate at the level of the first premolars and depth of the palate at the level of the first molars. The boundaries of the percentile scope of the computer-tomographic size of the characteristics of dental arches in young men with broad and young women with wide and very wide types of face with normal occlusion close to orthognathic bite are established. It was established that in young men the distance between the apexes of the medial vestibular roots of the upper first molars, between the molar and premolar points by Pon, between the vestibular medial tops of the first molars, between the cutting humps of the upper canines, between the apexes of the roots of the upper canines, as well as premolar and molar sagittal distances of the upper jaw are significantly higher (p<0.05-0.001) than in young women of the corresponding type. In addition, the distances between the apexes of the distal cheek roots of the upper first molars, between the apexes of the medial roots of the lower first molars and the depth of the palate at the level of the first molars in young men with a broad type of face tend to have higher values (p=0.051-0.064) than young women with a broad type of face. When comparing differences in the size of dental arches between young women with a very wide and wide face, it was found that in young women with a very wide face, the distance between the apexes of the medial roots of the lower first molars, between the apexes of the distal roots of the lower first molars, and between the cutting humps of the upper canines are significantly higher (p<0.05-0.01) than in young women with a broad type of face. Thus, pronounced sexual differences are found for most transversal and sagittal characteristics of the dental arch of the representatives with a broad type of face (larger in young men), as well as minor differences only in the transversal characteristics of the dental arc between young women with wide and very broad types of faces (larger values in representatives with a very wide type of face).