Pozdněglaciální osídlení u Stadic v severozápadních Čechách / Late Epigravettian Site near Stadice in Northwest Bohemia

Zachraňovací výzkum stanice u Stadic provedl Slavomil Vencl již v roce 1987. Na ploše 164 m2 se podařilo odkrýt půdorys téměř kompletního tábořiště, datovaného do epigravettienu (GrN-15862: 14280 ± 120 BP). Na rozdíl od gravettienu (pavlovienu) jsou retušované nástroje daleko méně formalizované. Neobvyklá je i disproporční převaha rydel nad škrabadly, které prakticky chybí, ovšem relativně málo je i hrotů a čepelek s otupeným bokem. Většina industrie (97 %) je vyrobena ze severských pazourků, přinášených z glacifluviálních sedimentů v Německu (min. 30 km), dále se vyskytují slínovce, zkamenělé dřevo, rohovce aj. Fauna se dochovala jen zčásti a tvořily ji výhradně chladnomilné druhy s převahou mamutů. Nejzajímavějšími strukturami jsou jamky se štípanou industrií nebo s kostmi. V jedné jamce se obě složky vyskytly pohromadě, v jiné – na okraji předpokládaného obydlí – byl spolu s kostmi uložen depot okru. Depoty štípané industrie, uložené na několika zcela nenápadných místech, neobsahují žádná perspektivní ádra, využitelné polotovary nebo náročně vyrobené nástroje, ale naopak hodně vytěžených jádrovitých zbytků, zlomků a odpadu. Těžištěm článku jsou proto úvahy, zda tyto depozice, stejně jako jamky s kostmi, mohly soužit jako využitelné zásoby suroviny, příp. masa, nebo zda šlo spíše o depozice komodit s určitou symbolickou hodnotou.

Recenze / Reviews

Peter Knötzele, Das römische Gräberfeld von Stettfeld II. Katalog der Gräber und übrigen Befunde Forschungen und Berichte zur Archäologie in Baden-Württemberg, Band 7 (rec. J. Jílek), 433 Marianne Dumitrache, Die Konstanzer Marktstätte im Mittelalter und in der Neuzeit. Forschungen und Berichte zur Archäologie in Baden-Württemberg, Band 5 (rec. R. Procházka), 434-435 Václav Matoušek – Tomáš Janata – Růžena Zimová – Jan Chlíbec, Krajina českých zemí v době třicetileté války v díle Matthäuse Meriana staršího. The Landscape of the Czech Lands in the Era of Thirty Years‘ War in the Work of Matthäus Merian Senior (rec. L. Rytíř), 435-436.

Central Sites and the Development of Rural Settlements from the Middle to Late La Tène Period in Central Moravia

At a certain point in time, there were two central places in central Moravia: an older unfortified central agglomeration near the present-day village of Němčice nad Hanou and a younger oppidum at Staré Hradisko. Each of this centres had its own approach to raw materials, orientation of the socio-economic contacts, and possibly political focus as well. Němčice, being located at one of the main branches of the Amber Road, connected the Middle Danube area from the Mediterranean to the Adriatic; Staré Hradisko eventually expanded these contacts into a systematic trade network, being under the strong influence of the Bohemian region with links to Bavaria. During the LT C2, in addition to the location of the central place, changes took place in terms of material culture and settlement strategies in the region. This was further accentuated in LT D1 by the shift of settlements towards the west, to the vicinity of the oppidum and, at the same time, vacation of the corridor around the Morava River. In an attempt to chronologically assess the settlement pattern, it became evident how important it is to define, as precisely as possible, the dating of individual sites. This was only possible thanks to the detailed and extensive study of the material available (Čižmář 2018). Thanks to precise dating of settlements and classification based on the new chronology, the seemingly illogical group of settlements in central Moravia revealed a distinct settlement network which, in particular during the period contemporary with the oppidum, allows us to see the significant changes in the number of sites and in the orientation of long-distance contacts that were possibly associated with historical events.

Problematika vícečetných pohřbů v novověku. Případová studie pohřebiště z 18. století v Semonicích u Jaroměře / Multiple Burials in the Early Modern Period. The case study of an 18th-century burial ground in Jaroměř–Semonice

The study addresses the issue of multiple burials in the Early Modern period based on the example of the excavation of the burial ground near Jaroměř–Semonice (east Bohemia, Czech Republic). The rescue excavation of the site was conducted in 2017–2019. A group of 33 grave pits were set in an atypical position outside the regular cemetery, though in the vicinity of the niche chapel. A total of 66 individuals were buried here, with some some of them deposited in multiple graves. Based on an anthropological evaluation of the remains, the demographic structure does not correspond to the general population, as men and young individuals from the juvenis and adultus I age groups, the health condition of which was good, predominate among the deceased. Trauma associated with a violent death was not recorded. According to the indirect evidence of historical sources, we interpret the site as a probable epidemic burial ground where dead members of one of the military camps occurring nearby in the years 1745, 1758 and1778 were buried.

Medieval Mining Centre of Buchberg in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands. Metal Production in the Kingdom of Bohemia (13th–14th Centuries)

The study presents the results of a wide range of research approaches and surveys of the defunct mining centre at Buchberg in the region of Havlíčkův Brod, which was involved in silver production in the 13th and 14th centuries. Burchberg is exceptional in its size and well-advanced community infrastructure. Its significance is also reflected in written sources. Surveys and trial diggings focused on the residential area, and especially on the adjoining metallurgical facilities providing unique spatial information, as well as a wealth of valuable data obtained by analysing archaeometallurgical materials, representing the links in the operational chain, staring with the raw ore extraction and ending with the final production of the desired metals. The current deforestation of mining field relics enabled their three-dimensional survey, and, thus, providing a hitherto unknown view of the spatial structure of historical mining activities.

Skupinové pohřebiště únětické kultury z Lovosic (okr. Litoměřice). K funerálním areálům starší doby bronzové v severozápadních Čechách / The Únětice Culture Group Cemetery from Lovosice (Litoměřice District). On Early Bronze Age Burial Grounds in Northwest Bohemia

The subject of the article is the “group” Unětice culture cemetery from the Early Bronze Age investigated in 2014 in Lovosice (Litoměřice district, northwest Bohemia). The cemetery’s dating to 2021–1751 BC corresponds to the mature stage of the Unětice culture in other parts of Bohemia (Moucha’s preclassical and classical stages). The cemetery is characterised by stone and apparently even wooden structures, multiple burials and the exclusive presence of miniature vessels. The population was composed primarily of old adults with the corresponding degenerative productive changes; only two non-adults were determined. Epigenetic marks on the skeletons testifying to a certain degree of kinship between the buried individuals were documented at the group cemetery and outside of it. New excavations have provided more detailed information on the spatial structure of burial grounds which, in addition to large cemeteries (of the Liběšovice, Březno near Louny, and Velke Žernoseky type), are composed of cemeteries with 10–20 graves, small groups of graves and solitary graves. These are also frequently accompanied by contemporary settlements located either close to the cemeteries or, as in the case of Lovosice, in the middle of the burial grounds. The spatial distribution of exogenous artefacts (amber beads, gold ornaments, silicite daggers) points to the possibility of the existence of an established network of long-distance routes in northwest Bohemia in the Early Bronze Age. One of the possible nodal points connected to the long-distance exchange system could have been located in the lower Ohře River region. This is documented, among other things, by the concentration of burial grounds with exceptional finds, settlements with evidence of metallurgy and the largest Bohemian hoards of ingots concentrated in the geographically defined microregion of Lovosice.

Depot medených predmetov z Mníchovej Lehoty (okr. Trenčín). Príspevok k poznaniu antimónovej medi typu Nógrádmarcal v období staršieho eneolitu / Depotfund von Kupfergegenständen aus Mníchova Lehota (Bez. Trenčín). Beitrag zur Erkennung des Antimonkupfers vom Typ Nógrádmarcal in dem älteren Aeneolithikum

Hoard of Copper Artefacts from Mníchova Lehota (Distr. Trenčín). Contribution to the Issue and Distribution of the Antimony Copper of Nógrádmarcal Type in the Early Copper Age. Submitted paper deals with the archaeological evaluation and elemental analysis of a collection of copper industry from the cadastre of municipality Mníchova Lehota (distr. Trenčín) in the north-west Slovakia. The hoard consists of two flat copper axes and a copper chisel. The basic typological-chronological analysis of the flat copper axes showed their connection with the Southeast European types and varieties of the series Pločnik, Coteana, Gumelniţa, as well as Central European types Stollhof, Strážnice, Kalinowice Dolne and axes of the group III of J. Říhovský. Statistical evaluation of basic morphometric parameters of the artefacts by means of principal component analysis (PCA) suggests that the objects from the hoard from Mníchova Lehota belong to the Central European shapes. Separate issue is the elemental analysis of the copper artefacts by means of inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). On the basis of the statistical evaluation of the elemental analyses the authors set the origin of the copper material mainly in the antimonic copper. They pay attention to its distribution in the area of Central Europe and possible location of the copper material deposit.

The Hoard of Celtic Coins from Deutsch Jahrndorf (Austria, 1855)

The Deutsch Jahrndorf (Burgenland, Austria) hoard was discovered in 1855. It contained Bratislava Celtic coinage – gold denominations and silver tetradrachms of the Biatec group. Altogether, 163 coins have been studied either by autopsy or from their earlier publications; originally however, they were surely more numerous. Although the treasure was discovered south of the Danube, 15 km away from the Bratislava oppidum acropolis, there is no doubt about its direct association with this site. Its contents provide a unique insight into the production of gold denominations, both anepigraphic and with the legends BIATEC or BIAT. Silver tetradrachms of the Biatec group include the majority of known die combinations. The Deutsch Jahrndorf hoard represents a unique source for better understanding the Bratislava coin production. Based on our present state of knowledge of the late La Tène chronology, the hoard was probably concealed in the third quarter of the 1st century BC; a more precise date cannot be established. New discoveries of Roman style constructions on the Bratislava oppidum acropolis help us better understand the phenomenon of relations between the Roman Republic and local Celtic elites; the detailed study of the hoard in question contributes to this topic from the numismatic point of view.

Jak malá byla Marobuda říše? Prameny k rozsahu Marobudem ovládaného území a jejich interpretace / Wie klein war das Marbod-Reich? Die Quellen zur Ausdehnung des von Marbod beherrschten Gebiets und ihre Interpretation

How Small Was the Maroboduus Empire? Sources on the Extent of the Territory Ruled by Maroboduus and Their Interpretation. The article discusses the scope of the “Maroboduus Empire”, which is traditionally described as a vast power structure in central Europe at the beginning of the first millennium. However, the demarcation of its size and borders is based on just a few ambiguous mentions in antique written sources. The article points out that existing ideas on the Maroboduus domain are inconsistent with archaeological knowledge. The author critically evaluates written and archaeological sources and existing attempts to demarcate the empire, reaching the conclusion that its territory can most probably be connected with the lowlands in the northern part of the Bohemia. This area represented the permanent core of the Maroboduus Empire, to which additional Germanic tribes from outside the Bohemian Basin could have joined, although these were likely temporary and impermanent alliances. The Maroboduus Empire apparently never represented a stable (pre)state entity with permanent and respected borders.