Early development of the hypoglossal nerve in the chick embryo as observed by the whole-mount nerve staining method

Abstract The early development of skeletal structures of manus and pes was studied using whole-mount, alcian-blue-stained embryos at different stages in an ontogenetic series of Graptemys nigrinoda. Sequences of chondrification events are similar to those reported for other turtle species, with respect to both the primary axis and the digital arch. There is no evidence of anterior condensations in the region distal to the radius and the tibia, supporting the hypothesis that the radiale and tibiale are absent in turtles, except for some potential atavistic occurrences. The anlagen for the fibulare and intermedium were identified, and in some but not all specimens two centralia elements are also present. These elements of the proximal and medial tarsal row fuse into a single cartilaginous structure, which later becomes the astragalocalcaneum. Inconsistencies in the literature about the details of the chondrification sequence of autopodial elements are in part related to real intraspecific and interspecific variation across turtles. The patterns of connectivity, often cited in studies of the limb chondrification sequence of tetrapods, are difficult if not impossible to objectively detect using standard alcian-blue-stained specimens.

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DEVELOPMENT OF CHICKEN LYMPHOID SYSTEM

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.136.1.8 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 136 (1) ◽

pp. 8-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yong Sung Choi ◽

Robert A. Good

Keyword(s):

Chick Embryo ◽

Immunohistochemical Staining ◽

Staining Method ◽

Lymphoid Cells ◽

Heavy Chains ◽

Lymphoid System ◽

Cellular Capacity ◽

The Difference ◽

Secretory Igm

Development of Ig-synthesizing cells in the bursa of chick embryo was studied by immunohistochemical staining method as well as by in vitro incorporation of leucine-3H into Ig. Ig-synthesizing cells are first detected in the bursa of a 14 day old chick embryo and increase with the maturation of the embryo. Acrylamide gel analysis of leucine-3H-labeled Ig shows that synthesis of nonsecretory IgM-H0 precedes that of secretory IgM-H, reflecting an ontogenetic sequence of development of lymphoid cells synthesizing IgM. Since IgM-H0 is not secreted, we further studied biochemical differences between two heavy chains. The difference is attributable to lack of galactose attachment to H0 chains. It is proposed that during differentiation of lymphoid cells synthesizing and secreting Ig, attachment of galactose may play an obligatory role in the development of cellular capacity for Ig secretion.

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Action of Fractions of Lens Extracts on the Early Development of the Chick Embryo

Acta Zoologica ◽

10.1111/j.1463-6395.1964.tb00722.x ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 273-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

PIERRE M. LENICQUE ◽

RITA LARJE

Keyword(s):

Chick Embryo ◽

Early Development

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Sihler's whole mount nerve staining technique: a review

Biotechnic & Histochemistry ◽

10.3109/10520290903048384 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 85 (1) ◽

pp. 19-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

L Mu ◽

I Sanders

Keyword(s):

Staining Technique ◽

Whole Mount ◽

Nerve Staining

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A method for identifying peripheral connections of perivascular nerves based on sensitive acetylcholinesterase staining via perfusion.

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/42.2.7507140 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 223-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

R L Bleys ◽

G J Groen ◽

M A Matthijssen

Keyword(s):

Vascular Perfusion ◽

Whole Mount ◽

Perivascular Nerves ◽

Acetylcholinesterase Staining ◽

Sensitive Method ◽

Nerve Staining

To identify peripheral connections of perivascular nerves, which are usually hard to find and easily damaged, we developed a sensitive method for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining in rat. The procedure is based on primary staining via perfusion, which permits visualization of perivascular nerves before dissection and, after dissection, further staining via immersion for identification of peripheral connections of the earlier stained perivascular nerves. The AChE histochemistry is based on an intensification method originally described for sections. The procedure has been optimized for staining via vascular perfusion and can also be applied on whole-mount preparations via immersion. The results show intense nerve staining with minimal background. Although the procedure was initially developed for cerebrovascular nerves, the staining approach can also be applied in other regions, the main advantage being that perivascular neural structures can be identified without the damage that usually occurs during dissection.

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Early development of the facial nerve in the chick embryo with special reference to the development of the chorda tympani

American Journal of Anatomy ◽

10.1002/aja.1001820207 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 182 (2) ◽

pp. 169-182 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Shigeru Kuratani ◽

Shigenori Tanaka ◽

Yuji Ishikawa ◽

Chosei Zukeran

Keyword(s):

Chick Embryo ◽

Facial Nerve ◽

Special Reference ◽

Early Development ◽

Chorda Tympani

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The presence of an embryonic opercular flap in amniotes

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2011.0740 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 279 (1727) ◽

pp. 224-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Jo Richardson ◽

Takanori Shono ◽

Masataka Okabe ◽

Anthony Graham

Keyword(s):

Chick Embryo ◽

Early Development ◽

Bony Fish ◽

Pharyngeal Arch ◽

Zebrafish Embryos ◽

Orthologous Genes ◽

Amphibian Metamorphosis ◽

Branchial Cleft Anomalies ◽

Branchial Cleft

The operculum is a large flap consisting of several flat bones found on the side of the head of bony fish. During development, the opercular bones form within the second pharyngeal arch, which expands posteriorly and comes to cover the gill-bearing arches. With the evolution of the tetrapods and the assumption of a terrestrial lifestyle, it was believed that the operculum was lost. Here, we demonstrate that an embryonic operculum persists in amniotes and that its early development is homologous with that of teleosts. As in zebrafish, the second pharyngeal arch of the chick embryo grows disproportionately and comes to cover the posterior arches. We show that the developing second pharyngeal arch in both chick and zebrafish embryos express orthologous genes and require shh signalling for caudal expansion. In amniotes, however, the caudal edge of the expanded second arch fuses to the surface of the neck. We have detailed how this process occurs and also demonstrated a requirement for thyroid signalling here. Our results thus demonstrate the persistence of an embryonic opercular flap in amniotes, that its fusion mirrors aspects of amphibian metamorphosis and gives insights into the origin of branchial cleft anomalies in humans.

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Black mulberries (Morus nigra) as a natural dye for animal tissues staining

Animal Biology ◽

10.1163/157075511x554419 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 49-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ehab Tousson ◽

Bahija Al-Behbehani

Keyword(s):

Staining Method ◽

Physiological Saline ◽

Natural Dyes ◽

New Method ◽

Beet Root ◽

Morus Nigra ◽

Whole Mount ◽

Physiological Saline Solution ◽

Staining Methods ◽

Liver Flukes

AbstractNatural dyes produce an extraordinary diversity of rich and complex colours as well as unexpected results, making them exciting to use. Natural dyes have been used for staining wool, silk, carpet and cotton. Black mulberry (Morus nigra) has strong staining activity and a distinct flavor with juicy and acidic characteristics making them attractive for use in the processing industry in products such as fruit juice, ice cream, jelly, and jam. Aim of this study was to investigate a new staining method using black mulberry for whole mount and transverse sections staining of fasciola. Adult liver flukes (Fasciola sp.) were collected from the livers of naturally infected cows at slaughterhouse, washed with physiological saline solution. Some adult Fasciola were collected, immersed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for fixation, and embedded in paraffin for histological studies. The rest of whole mount of adult worms were collected, and then stained by the new method (dye extracted form beet root) and Carmine staining method for control. Sections, 7-10 micrometer from adult worms were collected, and then stained by the new method and hematoxyllin & eosin staining method for control. By using the dye extracted from beet root, zoologists and parasitologists can make identification and differentiation between different parasites. By using the dye extracted from black mulberry, zoologists and parasitologists can make identification and differentiation between different parasites. This dye method can be an alternative to cost and time consuming current chemical staining methods.

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