On the normalized power prior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Max Carvalho ◽  
Joseph G. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Power Prior

Knowledge is power: prior knowledge aids memory formation for both congruent and incongruent events, but in different ways.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Greve ◽  
Elisa Cooper ◽  
Roni Tibon ◽  
Richard Henson
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Power Prior

Events that conform to our expectations, i.e, are congruent with our world knowledge or schemas, are better remembered than unrelated events. Yet events that conflict with schemas can also be remembered better. We examined this apparent paradox in four experiments, in which schemas were established by training ordinal relationships between randomly-paired objects, while episodic memory was tested for the number of objects on each trial. Better memory was found for both congruent and incongruent trials, relative to unrelated trials, producing memory performance that was a “U-shaped” function of congruency. Furthermore, the incongruency advantage, but not congruency advantage, emerged even if the information probed by the memory test was irrelevant to the schema, while the congruency advantage, but not incongruency advantage, also emerged after initial encoding. Schemas therefore augment episodic memory in multiple ways, depending on the match between novel and existing information.

scholarly journals Do Inferior Tribunals have the Power to declare a Law Unconstitutional? A case in support

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 909-929
Author(s):  
Ingmar R. Borgers
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Canadian Charter ◽  
Power Prior ◽  
Current Context ◽  
Legislative Changes

This paper discusses the ability of an inferior tribunal to declare invalid a law it has the duty to apply as being contrary to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms or the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. It deals with the implications created by these important legislative changes and their effect upon the powers of an inferior tribunal. A brief discussion upon the power prior to these amendments is undertaken to better place the issue in its current context.

scholarly journals The relationship between the power prior and hierarchical models

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Hui Chen ◽  
Joseph G. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Models ◽  
Power Prior ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Dreaming and Insomnia: Link between Physiological REM Parameters and Mentation Characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Fee Benz ◽  
Dieter Riemann ◽  
Bernd Feige
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Insomnia Disorder ◽  
Rem Density ◽  
Power Prior ◽  
High Level ◽  
Objectively Measured

(1) Background: An unresolved phenomenon of insomnia disorder is a discrepancy between objectively measured sleep and subjective complaints. It has been shown that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep might be especially vulnerable to an altered perception. The present work aimed to investigate the link between physiological REM parameters and mentation characteristics in REM sleep. (2) Methods: 22 patients with insomnia and 23 good sleepers indicating at least one REM mentation within an awakening study were included. Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) were calculated to examine group differences and effects of mentation characteristics on number of arousals, REM density, and spectral power prior to awakenings. (3) Results: Increased perceived wakefulness was related to lower delta, theta, and alpha power in the minute prior to the REM awakenings. Nevertheless, no group differences regarding spectral power were found. With respect to number of arousals and REM density, no significant effects of mentation characteristics and no group differences were found. (4) Conclusions: Our results suggest that spectral power in REM sleep is linked with altered sleep perception. Reduced delta, theta, and alpha power might be a signature of this modified REM sleep associated with a high level of perceived wakefulness. Future awakening studies are necessary to further explore the link between physiological REM parameters and sleep perception.

Growth of Thin SiO2 bY “SPIKE” Rapid Thermal Oxidation

1999 ◽  
Vol 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Fiory
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Thermal Oxidation ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Oxide Thickness ◽  
Peak Temperature ◽  
Surface Photovoltage ◽  
Kelvin Probe ◽  
Power Prior ◽  
Corona Charge

ABSTRACTWafers prepared with HF and RCA cleaning were oxidized at atmospheric pressure O2 with an incandescent-lamp processor using temperature ramping at rates up to 150°C/s for heating and 80°C/s for cooling. The minimum oxidation time obtained by the “spike” method of turning off lamp power prior to reaching a desired peak temperature is effectively 2s. Film thickness for spike oxidation ranges from about 1.6 nm for peak temperature of 1000°C to about 2.2 nm for peak temperature of 1100°C. Activation energies of 2.5 eV are determined for 1.5 – 4 nm films. Films grown for varied times and temperatures to produce equal oxide thickness, as measured by ellipsometry, show nearly equivalent physical properties in measurements by corona-charge and Kelvin probe surface photovoltage techniques.

scholarly journals Power Prior Elicitation in Bayesian Quantile Regression

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahim Alhamzawi ◽  
Keming Yu
Keyword(s):  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Prior Distribution ◽  
Likelihood Function ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Laplace Distribution ◽  
Scale Mixture ◽  
Prior Elicitation ◽  
Bayesian Quantile Regression ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Power Prior

We address a quantile dependent prior for Bayesian quantile regression. We extend the idea of the power prior distribution in Bayesian quantile regression by employing the likelihood function that is based on a location-scale mixture representation of the asymmetric Laplace distribution. The propriety of the power prior is one of the critical issues in Bayesian analysis. Thus, we discuss the propriety of the power prior in Bayesian quantile regression. The methods are illustrated with both simulation and real data.

scholarly journals Delta/Theta band EEG activity shapes the rhythmic perceptual sampling of auditory scenes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cora Kubetschek ◽  
Christoph Kayser
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Theta Band ◽  
Eeg Activity ◽  
Acoustic Information ◽  
Power Prior ◽  
Oscillatory Eeg ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Frequency Sweeps ◽  
Perceptual Weights

AbstractMany studies speak in favor of a rhythmic mode of listening, by which the encoding of acoustic information is structured by rhythmic neural processes at the time scale of about 1 to 4 Hz. Indeed, psychophysical data suggest that humans sample acoustic information in extended soundscapes not uniformly, but weigh the evidence at different moments for their perceptual decision at the time scale of about 2 Hz. We here test the critical prediction that such rhythmic perceptual sampling is directly related to the state of ongoing brain activity prior to the stimulus. Human participants judged the direction of frequency sweeps in 1.2 s long soundscapes while their EEG was recorded. Computing the perceptual weights attributed to different epochs within these soundscapes contingent on the phase or power of pre-stimulus oscillatory EEG activity revealed a direct link between the 4Hz EEG phase and power prior to the stimulus and the phase of the rhythmic component of these perceptual weights. Hence, the temporal pattern by which the acoustic information is sampled over time for behavior is directly related to pre-stimulus brain activity in the delta/theta band. These results close a gap in the mechanistic picture linking ongoing delta band activity with their role in shaping the segmentation and perceptual influence of subsequent acoustic information.

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