scholarly journals Friendship Between Human Beings and AI Robots?

2021 ◽  
pp. 177-189
Author(s):  
Margaret S. Archer
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Modification ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Human Enhancement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Popular Imagination ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Medical Advances ◽  
Positive Properties

AbstractIn this chapter the case for potential Robophilia is based upon the positive properties and powers deriving from humans and AI co-working together in synergy. Hence, Archer asks ‘Can Human Beings and AI Robots be Friends?’ The need to foreground social change for structure culture and agency is being stressed. Human enhancement speeded up with medical advances with artificial insertions in the body, transplants, and genetic modification. In consequence, the definition of ‘being human’ is carried further away from naturalism and human essentialism. With the growing capacities of AI robots the tables are turned and implicitly pose the question, ‘so are they not persons too?’ Robophobia dominates Robophilia, in popular imagination and academia. With AI capacities now including ‘error-detection’, ‘self-elaboration of their pre-programming’ and ‘adaptation to their environment’, they have the potential for active collaboration with humankind, in research, therapy and care. This would entail synergy or co-working between humans and AI beings.

Magic and Medicine

Antiquity ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 27 (107) ◽  
pp. 144-148
Author(s):  
Humphrey Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Evil Spirit ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Oxford Dictionary ◽  
Black Magic ◽  
Surgical Conditions ◽  
Receive Treatment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Vivid Memories

The Oxford Dictionary defines magic as ' the pretended art of influencing the course o f events by compelling the agency of spiritual beings (black magic) or by bringing into operation some occult controlling principle of nature (white magic) '. The great gaps in our knowledge of disease, coupled with the patient's demand that all disease shalI receive treatment in spite of our ignorance, insure the survival of many practices falling within this definition of white magic. But in the dawn of medicine it was black magic that predominated. To primitive man illness is a mysterious occurrence without any obvious cause ; his earliest explanation was the belief that an evil spirit had entered into the sufferer and his first attempts at treatment were directed to driving the demon out. Our oldest medical treatise is the Ebers papyrus, found in Egypt a century ago but dating from the reign of Amen-hetep I of the 18th dynasty (about 1550 B.c.). The Smith papyrus is even older but is mainly concerned with surgical conditions. The Ebers papyrus prescribes invocations to be uttered when taking a dose of medicine: ' Come remedy, come drive it out of this my heart, out of these my limbs ' ; ' Oh demon who dwellest in the body of . . . son of . . . come forth.' These invocations have their modern counterpart in the Latin imperatives and the symbols, deliberately unintelligible to the layman, which the doctors of today are trained to append to their prescriptions. And the numerous medicines mentioned in this pharmacopoeia are of a highly obnoxious character, emetics and purges, calculated to make the body of the patient SO unpleasant an abode for the resident demon that he would be glad to quit if not forcibly ejected with the physical evacuations. Lizards, stinking fat, the excreta of human beings, donkeys, dogs and cats, putrid meat, are all prescribed. Castor oil and mandragora are listed amongst the herbal remedies. The belief that a medicine must be nasty to be beneficial though now obsolescent in England lasted to our own day: Gregory's powder and other nauseous remedies remain vivid memories of the older generation and historically they owe their origin to their unpleasantness.

Hacking Human Beings

2022 ◽  
pp. 113-129
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Infrared Spectrum ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Human Enhancement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Emotional Level ◽  
Deep Brain

This chapter discusses the various areas of human enhancement application where such concerns arise, including physical (chip self-identification and payment, improving hearing with magnetic headphones, improving vision in the infrared spectrum, and use of chips for monitoring bodily functions), cognitive (deep brain stimulation, memory chips, manipulation of neurons and neural dust), and emotional level (mood-fixing, neuroprosthetics) and life-extending technologies (cyborg digital mind, cyborg digital body, cryonic preservation of the body).

scholarly journals Biological Modifications to the Human Body through Artificial Intelligence: A Religious Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ahmed Al-Boraie ◽  
Khaled Semeda ◽  
Mossad Abdul Salam ◽  
El-Tayeb Hassan El-Mahi Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Human Enhancement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
Human Augmentation

Decades ago, genetic engineering and human genome projects created a set of ethical, religious, and legal questions. Scientists have researched these issues and agreed on ethical values and regulations that must be applied to develop these research projects. Today, history is repeating itself due to the artificial intelligence techniques in human augmentation and the implantation of machines in the human body to enhance its biological capabilities and surpass human nature. The transhumanist movement promoted these technologies, designed supernatural humans, and achieved eternal immortality, so some freeze their bodies waiting for those technologies. The study focuses on the most important artificial intelligence technologies in human enhancement and capacity amplification. The study also focuses on transhumanist ideas towards these technologies and projects. In the end, the study clarifies the position of Islamic law regarding this project's ideas, the assertion that Islamic law supports therapeutic interventions that aim to restore the body to its natural state or close to it. At the same time, rejecting all interventions that aim to change the personality, the human identity, and the biological nature that God created human beings.

scholarly journals Order, Disobedience and Power in Kieslowski’s Dekalog

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-168
Author(s):  
Janet Barış
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Common Element ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ten Commandments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

The Dekalog series, comprised of ten films made by Kieslowski in 1989-90 for the Polish TV, inspired by the Ten Commandments (Decalogues) in the Torah, treats the goodness and innocence of human beings, as well as the evilness and anxiety. Generally, as a common element in all films of the series, appears the triangle of order-submission-disobedience and the power field becomes a tide moving back and forth between different characters. According to Foucault, power is perceived differently today, compared to the past. In the earlier times, power was perceived to be the rulership of a king over its subjects, while today, different types of power exist. Foucault argues that the punishment directed towards the body before is now directed to the soul. The discourse in the Ten Commandments that directs people what to do and what not overlaps the Foucauldian definition of power and the punishment of the soul. This phenomenon appears in every film of the series differently, through the characters and the plot. This article’s objective is to examine Kieslowski’s Dekalog series through the relationship between order, submission and power, and to discuss the effects of this relationship over the characters.

Relazione e de-somatizzazione Per un approccio relazionale al tema della generazione extracorporea

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Colombetti
Keyword(s):  
Women's Studies ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Sono State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Women’S Studies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Feminist Movements ◽  
First Time

Avendo a che fare con l’origine di esseri umani, per sua stessa natura la generazione (corporea o extracorporea) riveste un’alta densità antropologica e non può essere banalizzata come mera trasmissione di informazioni genetiche né come una riproduzione, termine più adatto all’ambito della zootecnia che non a quello degli uomini. Il testo prende in esame la questione della generazione partendo dalla relazionalità costitutiva dell’umano, indagando il significato antropologico del nostro originario essere-con che si manifesta in primo luogo nel comune “essere nati da una donna”. Da qui scopriamo che i sé non sono necessariamente tra loro separati e che la dipendenza rientra nella definizione dell’umano. Per questa ragione la generazione non può essere pensata solo come una questione di soli diritti individuali. La maternità, in un primo tempo denigrata dai movimenti femministi, culturalmente è stata poi positivamente recuperata dalle stesse pensatrici dei women’s studies, mentre le tecnoscienze sono state lette come lo strumento per liberare la maternità stessa dai limiti biologici e per realizzarla secondo i progetti individuali. Proprio tali elementi sono qui affrontati a partire dalla relazione originante con una donna, mettendo in luce come l’importanza accordata nella PMA alla biologia a scapito del soma (personale maschile e personale femminile) cambi la percezione dell’umanità dell’evento generativo e tenga a distanza le ineludibili relazioni in esso implicate. ---------- The generation (both in or outside the body), having to do with the origin of human beings, for its same nature has an high anthropological density and it can’t be banalized as mere transmission of genetic information neither as a reproduction, term that is more apt to zootechny rather than to human being. The text takes in examination the matter of the generation starting from the constitutive relationality of the human being, investigating the anthropological meaning of our native ‘being-with’ that firstly is manifested in our “have been born from a woman”. Hence we discover that the selves are not necessarily separated and that the dependence takes part in the definition of human being. For this reason, generation can’t be thought as a question of individual rights only. The maternity, in a first time denigrated by the feminist movements, later has been positively recovered by the same thinkers of the women’s studies; the techno-sciences have been read and interpreted as the tool of liberation of maternity from the biological ties and for its realization accordingly with individual projects. Just such elements are faced here beginning from the originating relationship with a woman. The text also shows how the importance granted in the Medical Assisted Reproduction to the biology to the detriment of soma (that is personal female and personal masculine) changes the perception of the humanity of the generative event and keeps at a distance the ineludible relationships implicated in it.

scholarly journals Resource Management: A Geographical Perspective

2014 ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource Management ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Resource Manager ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Geographical Perspective ◽  
Definition Of

Nature provides resources to human beings for their survival. A resource manager requires understanding the definition of resource and its changing paradigm, dynamism and approaches in a specific social, cultural, and geographical ground. This article is an attempt to explore differences of traditional definition of ‘natural resources’ to more dynamic discourse of ‘resources are not, but they become’. This essay is based on exploratory review of the available published materials. This paper contains introduction, conceptual ground, the shifting paradigm, dynamism in the resource definition, natural resource management vis-à-vis resource management, resources classification, the evolution of the field of resource management, and the approaches of the resource management. The body of the text is finally followed by the references cited.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v11i0.11526The Third PoleVol. 11-12, 2012page:21-28

Derrida on Pornography: Putting (It) Up for Sale

Derrida Today ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Morris
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
English Translation ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Past ◽  
French Original ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Critical Discourses ◽  
Academic Debate

Over the past thirty years, academic debate over pornography in the discourses of feminism and cultural studies has foundered on questions of the performative and of the word's definition. In the polylogue of Droit de regards, pornography is defined as la mise en vente that is taking place in the act of exegesis in progress. (Wills's idiomatic English translation includes an ‘it’ that is absent in the French original). The definition in Droit de regards alludes to the word's etymology (writing by or about prostitutes) but leaves the referent of the ‘sale’ suspended. Pornography as la mise en vente boldly restates the necessary iterability of the sign and anticipates two of Derrida's late arguments: that there is no ‘the’ body and that performatives may be powerless. Deriving a definition of pornography from a truncated etymology exemplifies the prosthesis of origin and challenges other critical discourses to explain how pornography can be understood as anything more than ‘putting (it) up for sale’.

Morphological Freedom and Medicine: Constructing the Posthuman Body

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luna Dolezal
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Cosmetic Surgery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Popular Imagination ◽  
Gender Reassignment ◽  
Common Parlance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Body Practices ◽  
Health Function ◽  
At Will

The notion that the body can be changed at will in order to meet the desires and designs of its ‘owner’ is one that has captured the popular imagination and underpins contemporary medical practices such as cosmetic surgery and gender reassignment. In fact, describing the body as ‘malleable’ or ‘plastic’ has entered common parlance and dictates common-sense ideas of how we understand the human body in late-capitalist consumer societies in the wake of commercial biotechnologies that work to modify the body aesthetically and otherwise. If we are not satisfied with some aspect of our physicality – in terms of health, function or aesthetics – we can engage with a whole variety of self-care body practices – fashion, diet, exercise, cosmetics, medicine, surgery, laser – in order to ‘correct’, reshape or restyle the body. In addition, as technology has advanced and elective cosmetic surgery has unapologetically entered the mainstream, the notion of the malleable body has become intrinsically linked to the practices and discourses of biomedicine and, furthermore, has become a significant means to assert and affirm identity.

Holism, Chinese Medicine and Systems Ideologies: Rewriting the Past to Imagine the Future

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Scheid
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Medical Humanities ◽  
Science And Technology Studies ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Past ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Us ◽  
Shared Objective ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter explores the articulations that have emerged over the last half century between various types of holism, Chinese medicine and systems biology. Given the discipline’s historical attachments to a definition of ‘medicine’ that rather narrowly refers to biomedicine as developed in Europe and the US from the eighteenth century onwards, the medical humanities are not the most obvious starting point for such an inquiry. At the same time, they do offer one advantage over neighbouring disciplines like medical history, anthropology or science and technology studies for someone like myself, a clinician as well as a historian and anthropologist: their strong commitment to the objective of facilitating better medical practice. This promise furthermore links to the wider project of critique, which, in Max Horkheimer’s definition of the term, aims at change and emancipation in order ‘to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them’. If we take the critical medical humanities as explicitly affirming this shared objective and responsibility, extending the discipline’s traditional gaze is not a burden but becomes, in fact, an obligation.

All Animals Are Equal, or Are They? The Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ’s Animal Epistle and its Unhappy End

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarra Tlili
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Main Text ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Privileged Status

The Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ’s animal epistle is an intriguing work. Although in the body of the narrative the authors challenge anthropocentric preconceptions and present nonhuman animals in a more favourable light than human beings, inexplicably, the narrative ends by reconfirming the privileged status of humans. The aim of this paper is to propose an explanation for this discrepancy. I argue that the egalitarian message reflected in the body of the narrative is traceable back to the Qur'an, the main text with which the authors engage in the fable, whereas the final outcome is due to the Ikhwān's hierarchical worldview.

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