Phylogeny, natural groups and nemertean classification

1993 ◽  
pp. 103-113
Author(s):  
Per Sundberg
Keyword(s):  
2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Flores ◽  
J. Comas ◽  
I.R. Roda ◽  
L. Jiménez ◽  
K.V. Gernaey

The main objective of this paper is to present the application of selected multivariable statistical techniques in plant-wide wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) control strategies analysis. In this study, cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA) and discriminant analysis (DA) are applied to the evaluation matrix data set obtained by simulation of several control strategies applied to the plant-wide IWA Benchmark Simulation Model No 2 (BSM2). These techniques allow i) to determine natural groups or clusters of control strategies with a similar behaviour, ii) to find and interpret hidden, complex and casual relation features in the data set and iii) to identify important discriminant variables within the groups found by the cluster analysis. This study illustrates the usefulness of multivariable statistical techniques for both analysis and interpretation of the complex multicriteria data sets and allows an improved use of information for effective evaluation of control strategies.


1932 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsie J. Cadman

Since 1860, in which year De Bary published his great work Die Mycetozoen, the investigation of the life-history of members of the Mycetozoa has aroused a considerable amount of interest, and a great deal of important research has been carried out in this connection. The group of organisms is particularly interesting, because it lies on the borderline between plant and animal kingdoms, and it is very possible that a detailed investigation of several species of the Mycetozoa might be of considerable assistance in elucidating certain obscure points in the life-histories of higher members of both the great natural groups. The term “Mycetozoa,” which we owe to De Bary, will be used throughout in preference to the older term “Myxogastres” invented by Fries (32, p. 2), and that of “Myxomycetes” first employed by Link (32, p. 2). “Mycetozoon,” or “fungus-like animal,” is a very appropriate description of a member of the group, since during part of its life-history it exhibits distinctly animal-like characters, and the individuals move rapidly by means of flagella, whilst later, during the development of the sporangium, a plant-like form is assumed. The combination of plant and animal characters has given rise to much discussion as to the position of the Mycetozoa in plant or animal kingdom, and the group has been claimed by both zoologists and botanists.


Author(s):  
Muhammad Ali Khalidi

Science posits entities that are neither individuals nor properties but kinds of individuals that share a number of distinct properties. Philosophers have designated them “natural kinds” and have held different views about how to distinguish them from arbitrary collections of individuals. The doctrine of “kinds” or “natural groups” was first explicitly introduced by nineteenth-century philosophers interested in taxonomy or scientific classification and continues to be the subject of lively debate in contemporary philosophy. After canvassing some of the philosophical controversies regarding natural kinds, the article presents two influential contemporary theories of natural kinds: essentialism and the homeostatic property cluster theory. The article goes on to defend naturalism, which is more in tune with the findings of modern science.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme S. Mohor ◽  
Annegret H. Thieken ◽  
Oliver Korup

Abstract. Model predictions of monetary losses from floods mainly use physical metrics like inundation depth or building characteristics but largely ignore indicators of preparedness. The role of such predictors may vary between regions and events, challenging the transferability of flood loss models. We use a flood loss database of 1812 German flood-affected households to explore how Bayesian multilevel models can estimate normalised flood damage stratified by event, region, or flood process type. Multilevel models acknowledge natural groups in the data and allow each group to learn from others. We obtain posterior estimates that differ between flood types, with credibly varying influences of water depth, contamination, duration, implementation of property-level precautionary measures, insurance, and previous flood experience; these influences overlap across most events or regions, however. We infer that the underlying damaging processes of distinct flood types deserve further attention. Each reported flood loss and affected region involved mixed flood types, likely explaining the uncertainty in the coefficients. Our results emphasise the need to consider flood types as an important step towards applying flood loss models elsewhere. We argue that failing to do so may complicate reliable loss estimation from empirical data.


Author(s):  
V. S. Zaplatynsky

This article presents data on dynamics of linear growth and weight rates of obroshynska gray and obroshynska gray natural groups geese, factional fluff content, correlation coefficients between body weight and body sizes and amount of feathers. It has been found that male and female individuals of obroshynska gray natural group geese dominated by live weight of obroshynska white natural group geese. Particularly, this advantage in 90 days aged males was 549.4 (P < 0.05), in 120 days aged males – 635.6 (P < 0.01) and in 180 days aged males – 422.6 (P < 0.05) g, in females – 177.0, 461.8 (P < 0.01) and 401.8 g respectively. It has been also revealed the obroshynska gray natural group geese domination by researched body sizes in all geese ages, but it was only reliable in some cases. Geese of both sexes in both natural groups were characterized by high fluff and feather level. We investigated age, sex and interbreed differentiation on fluff and feather levels in studied geese groups. It should be noted that fluff and feather level was better in white geese indicating a better fluff and feather quality. The correlation coefficients between body weight and overall fluff and feather levels in females of obroshynska gray natural group geese dependent on ages and fluff and feather levels were between -0.30 – +0.63, in males – between -0.51 – +0.68 and in obroshynska white natural groups geese coefficients were between -0.29 – +0.70 and -0.30 до +0.82 respectively. It has been found the correlations between geese body sizes and fluff and feather levels. In males and females geese from abroshynska gray natural group depenent on ages, body sizes and fluff and feather levels coefficients were -0.49 – +0.81 and -0.76 – +0.88, and for obroshynska white natural group geese – -0.49 – +0.90 and -0.65 – +0.65.


1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 508-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Hopping

AbstractThe genus Ips is one of four closely related genera in the tribe Ipini, sub-tribe Ipina (De Geer 1775, Balachowsky 1949, Nunberg 1954, Hopping 1963). There are now 32 species of Ips recognized in North America, with a few more as yet undescribed. This paper defines the groups of closely related species with observations on the group relationships of species from other parts of the world. Work is in progress to define the North American species in each group.


Author(s):  
B. A. Baranovski ◽  
I. A. Ivanko ◽  
L. O. Karmyzova ◽  
Y. A. Harvart ◽  
V. V. Nicolaieva ◽  
...  

Рresented the results of floroecological, hydrobotanical and geobotanical researches of the Regional Landscape Park "Samara Plavni". Regional Landscape Park (RLP) "Samara Plavni" is located in the waters of the Samara Bay, which was formed as a result of flooding of the floodplain of the Samara River during the creation of the Zaporozhye (Dnieper) Reservoir and the surrounding area. Conducted a systematic and bioecological analysis of the flora of vascular plants. Studied the composition of the rare fraction of flora and associated flora element. The research was carried out according to the generally accepted methods of floristic, geobotanical and hydrobotanical research. Bioecomorphic characteristics of species (selection of ecomorphs) are compiled according by A. L. Belgard ecomorph system using the following ecomorphs: biomorphs (one-, two-, perennials); heliomorphs (relation to light); hygromorphs (relation to the aquatic environment); tropomorphs (relation to nutrition); cenomorphs (growth in certain phytocenoses). Ecological characteristics of species were given from literature sources and according to the results of many years of own research. The analysis of the adventitious fraction was carried out at the time of drift – archaeophytes, neophytes. Advent status was determined on the basis of literature data. Vegetation of the regional landscape park "Samara Plavni" is represented by natural and semi-natural groups. The main area of shallow water is occupied by massifs of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud and groups of submerged vegetation. The tree and shrub vegetation of the park is represented by natural forest complexes, semi-natural groups and artificial plantations. Meadow and meadow-swamp vegetation of the landscape park is represented by complexes of associations of mesophytes and hygrophytes. The floristic list of vascular plant flora is 617 species. Hemicryptophytes, perennials, sciogeliophytes and heliophytes, mesotrophs, mesophytes, hygrophytes predominate here. Among cenomorphs, most species are represented by meadow (139) and forest (108) species. The rare fraction of flora is 73 species. There are 128 species of ruderal flora and 140 species of adventive flora, including 6 invasive species. At the time of entry into the study area allochthonous element of flora is divided into two groups: archaeophytes – 63 species (45%) and neophytes – 77 species (55%).


2021 ◽  
pp. 113-141
Author(s):  
Andrew V. Z. Brower ◽  
Randall T. Schuh

This chapter assesses character polarity and homology. Prior to the advent of computer-based analyses, German entomologist and systematic theorist Willi Hennig and other cladistic pioneers routinely used prepolarized characters to construct their phylogenetic hypotheses and developed a specialized terminology to describe their practices. In Hennig's view, all the states of a character — be they plesiomorphic, apomorphic, or homoplastic — are homologous. He argued that synapomorphies — shared derived characters — provide the only evidence for the existence of natural groups. This is the fundamental aspect of his arguments for the phylogenetic system; all of Hennig's other principles are subsidiary to it. Thus, in the Hennigian view, synapomorphy is the only “kind” of homology that bears upon patterns of relationship, a distinction that has led many cladists to equate the two terms.


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