Acute Human Toxicity from NSAIDs and Analgesics

1998 ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Volans ◽  
R. Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Human Toxicity

scholarly journals End-of-Life Alternatives of Glass Reinforced Polyester Boat Hulls Compared by LCA

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 096369351802700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Önal ◽  
Gökdeniz Neşer
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Photochemical Oxidation ◽  
Human Toxicity ◽  
Vacuum Infusion ◽  
Infusion Method

Glass reinforced polyester (GRP), as a thermoset polymer composites, dominates boat building industry with its several advantages such as high strength/weight ratio, cohesiveness, good resistance to environment. However, proper recovering and recycling of GRP boats is became a current environmental requirement that should be met by the related industry. In this study, to propose in a cost effective and environmentally friendly way, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been carried out for six scenarios include two moulding methods (namely Hand Lay-up Method, HLM and Vacuum Infusion Method, VIM) and three End-of-Life (EoL) alternatives(namely Extruding, Incineration and Landfill) for a recreational boat's GRP hulls. A case study from raw materials purchasing phase to disposal/recycling stages has been established taking 11 m length GRP boat hull as the functional unit. Analysis show that in the production phase, the impacts are mainly due to the use of energy (electricity), transport and raw material manufacture. Largest differences between the methods considered (HLM and VIM) can be observed in the factors of marine aquatic ecotoxicity and eutrophication while the closest ones are abiotic depletion, ozon layer depletion and photochemical oxidation. The environmental impact of VIM is much higher than HLM due to its higher energy consumption while vacuum infusion method has lower risk than hand lay-up method in terms of occupational health by using less raw material (resin) in a closed mold. In the comparison of the three EoL techniques, the mechanical way of recycling (granule extruding) shows better environmental impacts except terrestrial ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidation and acidification. Among the EoL alternatives, landfill has the highest environmental impacts except ‘global warming potential’ and ‘human toxicity’ which are the highest in extrusion. The main cause of the impacts of landfill is the transportation needs between the EoL boats and the licenced landfill site. Although it has the higher impact on human toxicity, incineration is the second cleaner alternative of EoL techniques considered in this study. In fact that the similar trend has been observed both in production and EoL phases of the boat. It is obvious that using much more renewable energy mix and greener transportation alternative can reduce the overall impact of the all phases considerably.

The human toxicity of marijuana

1994 ◽  
Vol 161 (5) ◽  
pp. 338-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Macdonald J Christie ◽  
Gregory B Chesher
Keyword(s):  
Human Toxicity

Cytotoxicity Evaluation of the First Ten MEIC Chemicals: Acute Lethal Toxicity in Man Predicted by Cytotoxicity in Five Cellular Assays and by Oral LD50 Tests in Rodents

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Björn Ekwall ◽  
Inger Bondesson ◽  
José V. Castell ◽  
Maria José Gómez-Lechón ◽  
Sven Hellberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Human Toxicity ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Cell Systems ◽  
Cellular Assays ◽  
Preliminary Validation ◽  
Partial Least Squares Model ◽  
Lethal Dosage

The MEIC (multicentre evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity) programme is a five-year programme to validate in vitro tests for general toxicity, and is organised by the Scandinavian Society for Cell Toxicology. Interested laboratories are invited, on an international basis, to test 50 published reference chemicals in their respective assays. Submitted results will then be evaluated yearly by the MEIC Committee for their relevance to various types of human toxicity, including an evaluation for the same chemicals of the prediction by animal tests of human toxicity. To establish the validation methods, a preliminary validation cycle is being performed in 1989/90 with submitted results for the first ten MEIC chemicals. The present paper is the very first step of this preliminary validation process. The prediction of human toxicity by five cytotoxicity assays (altogether 14 different cell systems/endpoints) has been evaluated, and also compared with the predictive value of rodent LD50 tests. Mouse LD50 prediction of human lethal dosage for these substances was good, while rat LD50 prediction was less satisfactory. The collective predictions by all 14 cell systems/endpoints of human toxicity in the form of a multivariate PLS (partial least squares) model of human acute lethal blood concentrations, as well as the corresponding prediction by a HeLa cell assay, were comparable to the efficiency of mouse LD50 prediction of human lethal dosage. When combined with simple toxicokinetic data (absorption of chemicals in the intestine and distribution volumes), the PLS model and the HeLa assay were able to predict human lethal dosage of the ten chemicals as accurately as the mouse LD50 value. The small number of chemicals studied to date means that general conclusions cannot be drawn from these results. Further validation of more chemicals with the in vitro methods is essential and promises to be worthwhile.

Analogy Models for Prediction of Human Toxicity

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_part_1) ◽  
pp. 103-116
Author(s):  
Sven Hellberg ◽  
Lennart Eriksson ◽  
Jörgen Jonsson ◽  
Fredrik Lindgren ◽  
Michael Sjöström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Human Toxicity ◽  
Efficient Data ◽  
Basal Cytotoxicity

Estimating the toxicity to humans of chemicals by testing on human subjects is not considered to be ethically acceptable, and toxicity testing on laboratory animals is also questionable. Therefore, there is a need for alternative methods that will give estimates of various aspects of human toxicity. Batteries of in vitro tests, together with physicochemical and toxicokinetic data, analysed by efficient data analytical methods, may enable analogy models to be constructed that can predict human toxicity. It may be possible to model non-specific toxicity relating to lipophilicity, or basal cytotoxicity, for a series of diverse compounds with large variation in chemical structure and physicochemical properties. However, local models for a series of similar compounds are generally expected to be more accurate, as well as being capable of modelling more-specific interactions. Analogy models for the prediction of human toxicity are discussed and exemplified with physicochemical and cytotoxicity data from the first ten chemicals in the multicenter evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity (MEIC) project.

Prediction of Human Acute Toxicity by the Hep G2/24-hour/Total Protein Assay, with Protein Measurement by the CBQCA Method

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Dierickx
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Human Toxicity ◽  
Hep G2 ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Protein Assay ◽  
Lowry Method ◽  
Total Protein Assay

In our previously described Hep G2/24-hour/total protein assay, protein levels were measured by using the Lowry method. This assay was the best acute in vitro assay for the prediction of human toxicity within the Multicentre Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity (MEIC) study. In order to increase the MEIC data-base with a wider range of chemicals, we were interested in introducing the more practical 3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde (CBQCA) method for the quantification of the total protein content. Therefore, we investigated whether the same good results for the prediction of acute human toxicity would be obtained with the CBQCA method. The cells were treated for 24 hours, then cytotoxicity was determined by measuring the total protein content with CBQCA. The results were quantified by using the PI50c: the concentration (in mM) of test compound required to reduce the total protein content measured with the CBQCA-method by 50% as compared to the control cells. The results were compared with the PI50, the corresponding value when the Lowry method was used. A relatively low correlation was observed between PI50 and PI50c, reflecting the large and unexpected, differences when using the two protein assays. However, when comparing the log PI50c with the human toxicity, a correlation coefficient of r2 = 0.761 ( n = 44) was obtained for exactly the same series of MEIC chemicals. This value is clearly higher than that for the Lowry method ( r2 = 0.695). Compared to the Lowry method originally used, the Hep G2/24-hour/CBQCA total protein assay has the additional important advantage that it can be very easily adapted for large-scale analyses with robotic systems, including the on-line calculation of the results.

scholarly journals Comparative Human Toxicity Impact of Electricity Produced from Shale Gas and Coal

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (21) ◽  
pp. 13018-13027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Chen ◽  
Shelie A. Miller ◽  
Brian R. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Shale Gas ◽  
Human Toxicity

scholarly journals Pesticide Toxicity Profile: Ethylenebis (dithiocarbamate) Pesticides

EDIS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2005 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Fishel
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Animal ◽  
Cooperative Extension Service ◽  
Extension Service ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Human Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Profile ◽  
Original Publication ◽  
University Of Florida ◽  
Trade Names ◽  
Cross Reference

This document provides a general overview of human toxicity, provides a listing of laboratory animal and wildlife toxicities and a cross reference of chemical, common and trade names of ethylenebis (dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) pesticides used as fungicides registered for use in Florida. This document is PI-64, one of a series of the Pesticide Information Office, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date September 2005.

scholarly journals Pesticide Toxicity Profile: Triazole Pesticides

EDIS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2005 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Fishel
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Animal ◽  
Cooperative Extension Service ◽  
Extension Service ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Human Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Profile ◽  
Original Publication ◽  
University Of Florida ◽  
Trade Names ◽  
Cross Reference

This document provides a general overview of human toxicity, provides a listing of laboratory animal and wildlife toxicities and a cross reference of chemical, common and trade names of triazole pesticides registered for use in Florida. This document is PI-68, one of a series of the Pesticide Information Office, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date September 2005.

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