Universal method for X-ray fluorescence analysis of glasses, rocks, refractories and raw materials

X-ray fluorescence analysis has been used in the aluminum industry since the beginning of the 1950's. Initial applications involved predominantly raw materials such as bauxite. During the last decades its use expanded to every stage of aluminum production and today, XRF analysis is a recognized analyticaI technique, applied routinely in exploration, reduction and fabrication processes. Typical XRF applications in the aluminum industry at present are listed in Table 1. The number of determinations given represents usual industrial requirements, and may vary between laboratories. The sample preparation techniques are again the most commonly used for the applications.

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A Rapid, Low Cost, Manual Fusion Sample Preparation Technique for Quantitative X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis

Advances in X-ray Analysis ◽

10.1154/s0376030800017444 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 491-496

Author(s):

Gerald D. Bowling ◽

Iris B. Ailin-Pyzik ◽

David R. Jones

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Low Cost ◽

Surface Preparation ◽

Fluorescence Analysis ◽

Preparation Technique ◽

Muffle Furnace ◽

X Ray ◽

Fusion Device ◽

Sample Preparation Technique

This study compares the quality of the fused samples obtained by three separate methods. The first set of samples was prepared by the method used at USGS in Denver and reported by Taggart and Whalberg (1). The second set was fused by our manual method and cast in graphite molds. The third set was fused in the Herzog HAG-12 automated fusion device.The manual fusion technique requires the use of a muffle furnace capable of 1100°C (2100°F) and graphite molds. No release agents such as KBr and LiBr are required since the disks release easily from the graphite. The 25mm diameter center of the “fire-polished” upper surface of the disk is used for analysis without further surface preparation. This method has been shown to be suitable for preparation of a wide variety of glasses and raw materials including burned dolomite, silicates* high zircon materials such as BCS-388, calcined alumina and alumina refractories.

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Quantitative phase analysis of natural products using whole-powder-pattern decomposition

Powder Diffraction ◽

10.1017/s0885715600010885 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 86-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shigeo Hayashi ◽

Hideo Toraya

Keyword(s):

Natural Products ◽

Phase Analysis ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Fluorescence Analysis ◽

Weight Percent ◽

Powder Pattern ◽

Quantitative Phase Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Quantitative Phase ◽

Pattern Decomposition

The capability of whole-powder-pattern decomposition in the quantitative phase analysis (QPA) of natural products was investigated using three- to six-component mixtures and pottery bodies. Here, the term pottery body means plastic clay suitable for making pottery and it is compounded of ceramic raw materials. Average errors of the weight fractions for each phase were within 1 weight percent in each mixture of natural products. The amounts of reduced oxides in pottery bodies derived from the X-ray diffraction technique were in good agreement with results obtained by X-ray fluorescence analysis. The present procedure does not require knowledge of crystal structures; it appears adequate for the QPA of natural products.

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MICRO SILICA BEHAVIOR AND ITS EFFECT ON IRAQI CEMENT PERFORMANCE BY USING X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS

Iraqi Geological Journal ◽

10.46717/igj.53.2e.5ms-2020-11-27 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 53 (2E) ◽

pp. 62-73

Author(s):

Amel Assi

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Silica Fume ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Free Water ◽

Fluorescence Analysis ◽

Cement Slurry ◽

Horizontal Drilling ◽

X Ray ◽

Micro Silica

The cement slurry is a mixture of cement, water and additives which is established at the surface for injecting inside hole. The compressive strength is considered the most important properties of slurry for testing the slurry reliability and is the ability of slurry to resist deformation and formation fluids. Compressive strength is governed by the sort of raw materials that include additives, cement structure, and exposure circumstances. In this work, we use micro silica like pozzolanic materials. Silica fume is very fine noncrystalline substantial. Silica fume can be utilized like material for supplemental cementations for increasing the compressive strength and durability of cement. Silica fume has very fine particles size less than 1 micron and by an average of about 0.1 microns, about 100 times slighter than particles of cement. We are adding 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% micro silica by wt. of cement. The results showed that adding micro silica enhance the performance of Iraqi cement but also leads to a slight decrease in thickening time. To avoid this problem, super plasticizer is used to make the process of cement pumping more easily, in other words, increase thickening time and increase compressive strength. The experimental work showed that adding micro silica leads to reduce free water and this property is very important through horizontal drilling. X-ray fluorescence technique delivers beneficial elemental information about the chemical structure of Iraqi cement to help us use it without causing damage through the cementing job. In this paper, some outlines of the XRF device and its main applications are presented. By using X-ray fluorescence analysis, we detect the problem of Iraqi cement and solve it in this paper to use it at cementing jobs in the Iraqi field instead of using imported cement.

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A Fusion Method for the X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Portland Cements, Clinker and Raw Materials Utilizing Cerium (IV) Oxide in Lithium Borate Fluxes

Advances in X-ray Analysis ◽

10.1154/s0376030800010740 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 581-585 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gregory S. Barger

Keyword(s):

Lanthanum Oxide ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Fluorescence Analysis ◽

Lithium Borate ◽

Fusion Method ◽

X Ray ◽

Long Wavelength ◽

Oxide Addition ◽

Wavelength Absorption ◽

Method Analysis

AbstractThis method describes the addition of cerium (IV) oxide to a lithium borate flux. CeO2 provides a non-analytic glass former to the melt production. CeO2 also acts as an interelemental buffer replacing the use of lanthanum oxide for long wavelength absorption. With cerium oxide addition, excellent results are produced, resulting in part from the elimination of recrystallization problems encountered with lanthanum oxide use. Analytical results easily meet the ASTM C-114 qualification requirements for rapid method analysis of hydraulic cements.

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Kynos Through Time: Decorated Pottery Sherds from Eleven Strata of a Homeric Greek Site

Applied Spectroscopy ◽

10.1177/0003702818772819 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 72 (7) ◽

pp. 1088-1103

Author(s):

Agoritsa Tsiachri ◽

Georgios P. Mastrotheodoros ◽

Harrisis Zoubos ◽

Dimitrios F. Anagnostopoulos ◽

Konstantinos G. Beltsios

Keyword(s):

Iron Reduction ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Fixed Ratio ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Fluorescence Analysis ◽

Color Difference ◽

Cultural Significance ◽

X Ray ◽

Local Character ◽

Middle Helladic

Excavations at the Kynos settlement, a Homeric site and the home of an early school of key Greek pictorial pottery painting, revealed extensive remains of several chronological horizons which continuously span the period from Middle Helladic (∼2100 BC) to Byzantine times (330 AD onwards), along with thousands of decorated sherds. The scope of the present study is the exploration of the technological traits of this pottery, which would contribute substantially to the archaeological understanding of the site. Samples from a sizeable assembly of decorated sherds were studied by means of analytical techniques, i.e., scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analyzer, micro X-ray fluorescence (μXRF), and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF). Results indicate that the dark decorations have been achieved by versions of the iron reduction (IRe) technique using mostly materials identical to those of the red decorations, while for the white decorations contrast-enhancing Ca–Mg-enriched clays were used. All coexisting red and dark hues reflect similar compositions while the color difference is due to the thicker application of the darker decorations, which are thus not affected by the last oxidative firing stage of the IRe technique. X-ray fluorescence analysis focusing on several clay-origin markers shows that only a minority of samples is of non-local character and continuity in Kynos pottery tradition, at least as far as raw materials is suggested. Some of the local body-clays exhibit a puzzling enhanced level of Ni, Cu, and Zn at a nearly fixed ratio. Finally, we find that XRF may provide valuable nondestructive analysis in the case of fine pottery decorative layers of cultural significance.

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The Chaine Operatoire of Bronze Age Mining: Tools From the Novotemirsky Copper Mine (Southern Trans-Urals)

Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy ◽

10.14258/tpai(2021)33(3).-06 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 89-115

Author(s):

Alaeva I. ◽

◽

Molchanov I. ◽

Fomichev A. ◽

Ankushev M. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diffraction Analysis ◽

Bronze Age ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Fluorescence Analysis ◽

Late Bronze Age ◽

Functional Identification ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Copper Ore ◽

X Ray ◽

Main Research

The paper is devoted to the problem of the development level and organization models of mining within the Eurasian metallurgical province of the Late Bronze Age in the 2nd millennium BC. The main research aim is to determine the chain of technological processes taking place at the Novotemirsky ancient mine in the Southern Trans-Urals. The sources of raw materials, traces of use, and functional identification of stone (n=58) and bone tools (n=1) were determined using traceological, petrographic, X-ray fluorescence, and X-ray diffraction analysis. All tools were divided into three groups depending on their use: mining (a casting mould for a pick), ore crushing (hammers, small hammers), supporting devices (“bases”, counterweights for lifting ore). The absence of mining and processing (grinding pestles, grinding stones) and metal-working (blacksmith hammers) tools at the Novotemirsky mine indicates a narrow range of technical operations associated only with direct mining of copper ore and ore-preparing (crushing large blocks). It is assumed that there is a partial specialization of mining, which consists in the formation of temporary miners’ collectives, who are seasonally involved in these operations. Keywords: stone tools, ancient mine, Late Bronze Age, Southern Trans-Urals, Alakul culture, traceological analysis, X-ray fluorescence analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis

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X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS AND THE X-RAY SPECTRAL MICROANALYSIS OF LATE BOSPORAN STATERS FROM THE PHANAGORIAN AND GAI-KODZOR HOARDS: TECHNICAL ASPECTS AND POSSIBLE COPPER ORE SOURCES

Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА) ◽

10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.262.402-413 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 402-413

Author(s):

М. Г. Абрамзон ◽

Ю. Ю. Ефимова ◽

Н. В. Копцева ◽

И. А. Сапрыкина

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Copper Alloys ◽

Pure Copper ◽

Fluorescence Analysis ◽

Copper Ore ◽

X Ray ◽

Ferrous Metals ◽

Wide Range ◽

Copper Coin

Боспорские статеры 285/286-341/342 гг. н. э. подверглись исследованию методами рентгенофлуоресцентного анализа (РФА) и рентгеноспектрального микроанализа (РСМА) в сканирующем электронном микроскопе (СЭМ) с целью определения химического состава сплава и возможных источников медного сырья для чеканки монет. Установлено, что на боспорском монетном дворе применялась широкая номенклатура медных сплавов: медь, свинцовая, оловянная, оловянно-свинцовая и многокомпонентная бронзы, а также сплавы меди с добавками серебра. В условиях дефицита чистой меди на монетном дворе использовался медный лом, содержащий другие цветные металлы. Археометрические исследования позволяют проследить по годам эмиссий динамику деградации сплавов статеров, вызванную высокими темпами инфляции в правление Фофорса - Рескупорида VI. «Порча» медной монеты вызвана напряженными поисками государством финансов для борьбы с варварами. Полученные данные проливают новый свет на малоизвестные особенности монетного производства позднего Боспора. The Bosporan staters of AD 285/286-341/342 were investigated at their surfaces by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) and at the cross-sections by X-ray spectral microanalysis in the scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDXMA) in order to determine the chemical composition of the alloy and proposal sources of copper raw materials for coin production. It is established that the Bosporan mint used a wide range of copper alloys: copper, lead-, tin-, tin-lead and multicomponent bronzes, as well as copper alloys with silver additives. When there was a deficit of pure copper, the mint used copper scrap containing other non-ferrous metals. Archaeometric studies allow us to trace the dynamics of degradation of coinage alloys over the years of emissions caused by high rates of inflation during the reign of Thothorses to Rhescuporis VI. The ‘damage' of the copper coin is caused by the state's intense search for money to fight the barbarians. The obtained data shed new light on a little-known feature of the Later Bosporan Kingdom coin production.

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FLUORESCÊNCIA DE RAIOS X POR DISPERSÃO DE ENERGIA APLICADA À CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE TIJOLOS DE SÍTIOS HISTÓRICOS DE PERNAMBUCO

CLIO – Arqueológica ◽

10.20891/clio.v34n1p163-193 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 163

Author(s):

Helen Jamil Khoury ◽

Roberto Araújo ◽

Sandra De Brito Barreto ◽

Viviane Khoury Asfora

Keyword(s):

Chemical Elements ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Fluorescence Analysis ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Para Determinar ◽

Historical Sites ◽

Non Destructive

No presente trabalho são 1 apresentados os resultados de estudos por fluorescência de raios X de tijolos brasileiros. Neste estudo foram avaliados 22 tijolos, sendo sete de Igarassu, dois do Forte do Brum e 13 de Olinda. Um equipamento portátil de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de energia foi desenvolvido para este estudo. Análises por difração de raios X também foram efetuadas para determinar as fases cristalinas presentes nos tijolos. Os resultados mostraram a existência de fases minerais, como quartzo, em todos os tijolos avaliados. A Análise da Componente Principal foi aplicada aos dados dos espectros de fluorescência de raios X obtidos. Os resultados mostraram que a partir do gráfico de scores das componentes principais CP1 e CP3, respectivamente representadas pelo Fe e Ca, foi possível separar os tijolos de Igarassu e do Forte do Brum em cinco grupos, que estavam associados com o século de fabricação. Por sua vez, os tijolos de Olinda foram separados em dois grupos, sendo um formado por um único tijolo e o outro grupo pelos demais tijolos. Estes resultados sugerem que os tijolos foram produzidos com diferentes matérias primas ou em diferentes locais. ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE APPLIED TO THE CHARACTERIZATION OF BRICKS OF PERNAMBUCO HISTORICAL SITESABSTRACTThis work presents the results of X-ray fluorescence analysis of Brazilian bricks, collected from several historical sites of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. In this study, twenty two bricks were analyzed; seven from Igarassu, two from Forte do Brum in Recife, and thirteen from Olinda. A portable X-ray fluorescence system was assembled and used for the qualitative determination of the chemical elements present in the samples. X-ray diffraction analysis was also carried out to determine the crystal mineral phases in the bricks. All the bricks studied showed several minerals, such as quartz A Principle Component Analysis was applied to the full X-ray fluorescence spectra. In the score plot of principal components PC1 and PC3, represented by Fe and Ca respectively, it can be seen that the results for the bricks from Igarassu and Forte do Brum may be grouped in five clusters corresponding to the bricks´ century and manufacture locations. The analysis of the Olinda bricks yielded two separate groups, one with a single brick and the second group with the other eleven bricks. These results suggest that the bricks were produced with different raw-materials or manufactured in different locations.KEYWORDS: non-destructive analysis; X-ray fluorescence; cultural heritage; bricks; X-ray diffraction.

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