scholarly journals Lessons learned from terror attacks: thematic priorities and development since 2001—results from a systematic review

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Schorscher ◽  
Maximilian Kippnich ◽  
Patrick Meybohm ◽  
Thomas Wurmb
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Purpose The threat of national and international terrorism remains high. Preparation is the key requirement for the resilience of hospitals and out-of-hospital rescue forces. The scientific evidence for defining medical and tactical strategies often feeds on the analysis of real incidents and the lessons learned derived from them. This systematic review of the literature aims to identify and systematically report lessons learned from terrorist attacks since 2001. Methods PubMed was used as a database using predefined search strategies and eligibility criteria. All countries that are part of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) were included. The time frame was set between 2001 and 2018. Results Finally 68 articles were included in the review. From these, 616 lessons learned were extracted and summarized into 15 categories. The data shows that despite the difference in attacks, countries, and casualties involved, many of the lessons learned are similar. We also found that the pattern of lessons learned is repeated continuously over the time period studied. Conclusions The lessons from terrorist attacks since 2001 follow a certain pattern and remained constant over time. Therefore, it seems to be more accurate to talk about lessons identified rather than lessons learned. To save as many victims as possible, protect rescue forces from harm, and to prepare hospitals at the best possible level it is important to implement the lessons identified in training and preparation.

scholarly journals Is mindfulness research methodology improving over time? A systematic review

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Goldberg ◽  
Raymond P. Tucker ◽  
Preston A. Greene ◽  
Tracy L. Simpson ◽  
David Kearney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Treatment Fidelity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Clinical Disorder ◽  
Fidelity Assessment ◽  
Methodological Improvement

Background: Despite an exponential growth in research on mindfulness-based interventions, the body of scientific evidence supporting these treatments has been criticized for being of poor methodological quality. Objectives: The current systematic review examined the extent to which mindfulness research demonstrated increased rigor over the past 16 years regarding six methodological features that have been highlighted as areas for improvement. These feature included using active control conditions, larger sample sizes, longer follow-up assessment, treatment fidelity assessment, and reporting of instructor training and intent-to-treat (ITT) analyses. Data sources: We searched PubMed, PsychInfo, Scopus, and Web of Science in addition to a publically available repository of mindfulness studies. Study eligibility criteria: Randomized clinical trials of mindfulness-based interventions for samples with a clinical disorder or elevated symptoms of a clinical disorder listed on the American Psychological Association’s list of disorders with recognized evidence-based treatment. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: Independent raters screened 9,067 titles and abstracts, with 303 full text reviews. Of these, 171 were included, representing 142 non-overlapping samples. Results: Across the 142 studies published between 2000 and 2016, there was no evidence for increases in any study quality indicator, although changes were generally in the direction of improved quality. When restricting the sample to those conducted in Europe and North America (continents with the longest history of scientific research in this area), an increase in reporting of ITT analyses was found. When excluding an early, high-quality study, improvements were seen in sample size, treatment fidelity assessment, and reporting of ITT analyses. Conclusions and implications of key findings: Taken together, the findings suggest modest adoption of the recommendations for methodological improvement voiced repeatedly in the literature. Possible explanations for this and implications for interpreting this body of research and conducting future studies are discussed.

scholarly journals IS LOW-LEVEL LASER THERAPY (LLLT) EFFECTIVE IN RELIEVING THE SYMPTOMS OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS (TMDS)? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Lanas Teran ◽  
Kleber Vallejo Rosero ◽  
Maria Cristina Zindel Deboni ◽  
Maria Graça Naclério Homem
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Mouth Opening ◽  
Low Level Laser Therapy ◽  
Jaw Movements ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Level Laser

Introduction: LLLT is used in various clinical situations for the relief of postoperative inflammatory symptoms in TMD cases. Many treatment protocols use laser radiation, but there is still no evidence as to whether one of them is superior to all the other. The objective was to establish whether there is evidence that LLLT can reduce the main symptoms of TMDs and to determine the most effective application protocol. Methods: a systematic review of the literature was performed in the main databases: PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, by independent researchers who evaluated studies using different LLLT protocols to treat TMD symptoms, considering specific outcomes such as pain, mouth opening and jaw movements. Results: thirteen studies fully met the eligibility criteria. The most used laser type was GaAlAg, with a wavelength of 830 nm, number of applications ranging from 8 to 10, and 4 weeks of follow-up. Conclusions: LLLT may be considered as an alternative for the relief of TMD symptoms; however, scientific evidence of one of the protocols being superior to the others could not be found.

Do Patients with Extrinsic Black Tooth Stains Have a Lower Dental Caries Experience? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 617-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Silva de Rezende ◽  
Thiago Fonseca-Silva ◽  
Clarissa Lopes Drumond ◽  
Maria Letícia Ramos-Jorge ◽  
Saul Martins Paiva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Newcastle Ottawa Scale

Studies have suggested that individuals affected by extrinsic black tooth stains have less dental caries experience in comparison to those without this condition. The aim of the present study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether there is scientific evidence demonstrating that extrinsic black stains are a protective factor for the occurrence of dental caries. This systematic review was developed in accordance with the PRISMA statement and the research question was determined using the PECO strategy. Electronic searches were conducted in the PubMed, Science Direct, Virtual Health Library, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for relevant articles published up to September 2018. All articles included were submitted to an appraisal of methodological quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the data were extracted for meta-analysis. The search strategy resulted in the retrieval of 9,108 publications. After the application of the eligibility criteria, 18 articles were selected for analysis, 13 of which were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis demonstrated that individuals with extrinsic black stains involving primary (median, MD: –0.78 [–1.09; –0.48]; I2 = 44%) and permanent (MD: –0.50 [–0.93; –0.08]; I2 = 86%) teeth have a lower dental caries experience in comparison to those without this condition. Patients with extrinsic black tooth stains have a lower dental caries experience in cross-sectional studies.

scholarly journals Accuracy of computer-assisted image analysis in the diagnosis of maxillofacial radiolucent lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 20190204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia K S Silva ◽  
Walbert A Vieira ◽  
Ítalo M Bernardino ◽  
Bruno A N Travençolo ◽  
Marcos A V Bittencourt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Dentigerous Cyst ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Assisted Analysis

Objectives: This study aimed to search for scientific evidence concerning the accuracy of computer-assisted analysis for diagnosing maxillofacial radiolucent lesions. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to the statements of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Protocols and considering 10 databases, including the gray literature. Protocol was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42018089945). The population, intervention, comparison and outcome strategy was used to define the eligibility criteria and only diagnostic test studies were included. Their risk of bias was assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool. Random-effects model meta-analysis was performed and heterogeneity among the included studies was estimated using the I2 statistic. The grade of recommendation, assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) tool assessed the quality of evidence and strength of recommendation across included studies. Results: Out of 715 identified citations, four papers, published between 2009 and 2017, fulfilled the criteria and were included in this systematic review. A total of 191 lesions, classified as periapical granuloma and cyst, dentigerous cyst or keratocystic odontogenic tumor, were analyzed. All selected articles scored low risk of bias. The pooled accuracy estimation, regardless of the classification method used, was 88.75% (95% CI = 85.19-92.30). Heterogeneity test reached moderate values (I2 = 57.89%). According to the GRADE tool, the analyzed outcome was classified as having low level of certainty. Conclusions: The overall evaluation showed all studies presented high accuracy rates of computer-aided diagnosis systems in classifying radiolucent maxillofacial lesions compared to histopathological biopsy. However, due to the moderate heterogeneity found among the studies included in this meta-analysis, a pragmatic recommendation about the use of computer-assisted analysis is not possible.

scholarly journals IS LOW-LEVEL LASER THERAPY (LLLT) EFFECTIVE IN RELIEVING THE SYMPTOMS OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS (TMDS)? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Lanas Teran ◽  
Kleber Vallejo Rosero ◽  
Maria Cristina Zindel Deboni ◽  
Maria Graça Naclério Homem
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Mouth Opening ◽  
Low Level Laser Therapy ◽  
Jaw Movements ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Level Laser

Introduction: LLLT is used in various clinical situations for the relief of postoperative inflammatory symptoms in TMD cases. Many treatment protocols use laser radiation, but there is still no evidence as to whether one of them is superior to all the other. The objective was to establish whether there is evidence that LLLT can reduce the main symptoms of TMDs and to determine the most effective application protocol. Methods: a systematic review of the literature was performed in the main databases: PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, by independent researchers who evaluated studies using different LLLT protocols to treat TMD symptoms, considering specific outcomes such as pain, mouth opening and jaw movements. Results: thirteen studies fully met the eligibility criteria. The most used laser type was GaAlAg, with a wavelength of 830 nm, number of applications ranging from 8 to 10, and 4 weeks of follow-up. Conclusions: LLLT may be considered as an alternative for the relief of TMD symptoms; however, scientific evidence of one of the protocols being superior to the others could not be found.

scholarly journals The Difference Culture Makes

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Riegert ◽  
Andreas Widholm
Keyword(s):  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Short Term ◽  
News Stories ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
Media Institutions ◽  
Concert Halls ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Although terrorist attacks in Europe have increasingly been carried out on cultural targets such as media institutions, concert halls and leisure venues, most research on media and terrorism draws conclusions based on traditional hard news stories rather than on journalism specialising in cultural issues. This study explores the distinctiveness of Swedish cultural journalism by comparing it to news journalism, using the 2015 terror attacks in Paris as a case study. Our content analysis reveals that whereas news journalism is mainly descriptive, focusing on the short-term consequences of terrorism, security frames and political elites and eyewitnesses as sources, cultural journalism is more interpretive, giving a voice first and foremost to “cultural elites”. The “cultural filter” put on this event means a focus on the longer term implications of terrorism and instead of engaging in the hunt for the perpetrators, there is greater emphasis on the societal dilemmas that terrorism accentuates, especially the democratic values that are at stake. However, our results also show that the ongoing “journalistification” of cultural journalism, as defined by a stronger prevalence of descriptive style, blurs the lines between news and cultural journalism.

scholarly journals ‘What’s my risk of sustaining an ACL injury while playing football (soccer)?’ A systematic review with meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (21) ◽  
pp. 1333-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia M Montalvo ◽  
Daniel K Schneider ◽  
Paula L Silva ◽  
Laura Yut ◽  
Kate E Webster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Participation Level ◽  
The Difference

ObjectiveTo estimate the incidence proportion (IP) and incidence rate (IR) of ACL injury in football players.DesignSystematic review with meta-analysis.Data sourcesPubMed, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus electronic databases were searched from inception to 20 January 2017.Eligibility criteria for selecting studyStudies that reported the total number of participants/population by sex, total number of ACL injuries by sex and total person-time by sex were included.ResultsTwenty-eight studies were included. The IP and IR of ACL injury in female football players were 2.0% (95% CI 1.2% to 3.1%) and 2.0/10 000 athlete exposures (AEs) (95% CI 1.6 to 2.6; I2=91%) over a period of one season to 4 years. The IP and IR of ACL injury in male players were 3.5% (95% CI 0.7% to 8.2%) and 0.9/10 000 AEs (95% CI 0.7 to 1.1; I2=94%). Studies that evaluated matched cohorts of female and male players showed no difference in IP (relative risk=1.2; 95% CI 0.9 to 1.6; P=0.47) over a period of one season to 4 years. Women were at greater risk than men (incidence rate ratio (IRR)=2.2; 95% CI 1.6 to 3.1; I2=83%; P<0.001). When accounting for participation level, the difference in IR between women and men was greatest for intermediate players (IRR=2.9; 95% CI 2.4 to 3.6) compared with amateur (IRR=2.6; 95% CI 1.4 to 4.8) and elite (IRR=2.0; 95% CI 1.1 to 3.4) players.Summary/conclusionOverall, more men sustained ACL injury in football. There was no difference in the relative risk of ACL injury between female and male football players in a window that spanned one season to 4 years. The IR of ACL injury among women was 2.2 times higher than the IR of ACL injury among men. The reported sex disparity in ACL injury was independent of participation level.

scholarly journals Utility of perfusion imaging in acute stroke treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1012-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Won Hyung A Ryu ◽  
Michael B Avery ◽  
Navjit Dharampal ◽  
Isabel E Allen ◽  
Steven W Hetts
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Acute Stroke ◽  
Perfusion Imaging ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Stroke Treatment

BackgroundVariability in imaging protocols and techniques has resulted in a lack of consensus regarding the incorporation of perfusion imaging into stroke triage and treatment. The objective of our study was to evaluate the available scientific evidence regarding the utility of perfusion imaging in determining treatment eligibility in patients with acute stroke and in predicting their clinical outcome.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of the literature using PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library focusing on themes of medical imaging, stroke, treatment, and outcome (CRD42016037817). We included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-controlled studies published from 2011 to 2016. Two independent reviewers conducted the study appraisal, data abstraction, and quality assessments of the studies.ResultsOur literature search yielded 13 studies that met our inclusion criteria. In total, 994 patients were treated with the aid of perfusion imaging compared with 1819 patients treated with standard care. In the intervention group 51.1% of patients had a favorable outcome at 3 months compared with 45.6% of patients in the control group (p=0.06). Subgroup analysis of studies that used multimodal therapy (IV tissue plasminogen activator, endovascular thrombectomy) showed a significant benefit of perfusion imaging (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.43 to 2.51, p<0.01).ConclusionsPerfusion imaging may represent a complementary tool to standard radiographic assessment in enhancing patient selection for reperfusion therapy, with a subset of patients having up to 1.9 times the odds of achieving independent functional status at 3 months. This is particularly important as patients selected based on perfusion status often included individuals who did not meet the current treatment eligibility criteria.

Mass Casualty Response in the 2008 Mumbai Terrorist Attacks

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobhojit Roy ◽  
Vikas Kapil ◽  
Italo Subbarao ◽  
Isaac Ashkenazi
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
International Media ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
Critical Measure ◽  
Security Checks

ABSTRACTObjectives: The November 26-29, 2008, terrorist attacks on Mumbai were unique in its international media attention, multiple strategies of attack, and the disproportionate national fear they triggered. Everyone was a target: random members of the general population, iconic targets, and foreigners alike were under attack by the terrorists.Methods: A retrospective, descriptive study of the distribution of terror victims to various city hospitals, critical radius, surge capacity, and the nature of specialized medical interventions was gathered through police, legal reports, and interviews with key informants.Results: Among the 172 killed and 304 injured people, about four-fifths were men (average age, 33 years) and 12% were foreign nationals. The case-fatality ratio for this event was 2.75:1, and the mortality rate among those who were critically injured was 12%. A total of 38.5% of patients arriving at the hospitals required major surgical intervention. Emergency surgical operations were mainly orthopedic (external fixation for compound fractures) and general surgical interventions (abdominal explorations for penetrating bullet/shrapnel injuries).Conclusions: The use of heavy-duty automatic weapons, explosives, hostages, and arson in these terrorist attacks alerts us to new challenges to medical counterterrorism response. The need for building central medical control for a coordinated response and for strengthening public hospital capacity are lessons learned for future attacks. These particular terrorist attacks had global consequences, in terms of increased security checks and alerts for and fears of further similar “Mumbai-style” attacks. The resilience of the citizens of Mumbai is a critical measure of the long-term effects of terror attacks.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:273–279)

scholarly journals Psychological Effects of Home Confinement and Social Distancing Derived from COVID-19 in the General Population—A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6528
Author(s):  
Paula Rodríguez-Fernández ◽  
Josefa González-Santos ◽  
Mirian Santamaría-Peláez ◽  
Raúl Soto-Cámara ◽  
Esteban Sánchez-González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
General Population ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Restrictive Measures ◽  
The Impact

(1) Background: Home confinement and social distancing are two of the main public health measures to curb the spread of SARS-Cov-2, which can have harmful consequences on people’s mental health. This systematic review aims to identify the best available scientific evidence on the impact that home confinement and social distancing, derived from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, have had on the mental health of the general population in terms of depression, stress and anxiety. (2) Methods: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and ScienceDirect between 2 January 2021 and 7 January 2021, in accordance with the recommendations of the PRISMA Declaration. The selection of studies and the evaluation of their methodological quality were performed in pairs, independently and blindly, based on predetermined eligibility criteria. (3) Results: The 26 investigations reviewed were developed in different regions and countries. Factors that are associated with poor mental health were female gender, young ages, having no income and suffering from a previous psychiatric illness. Inadequate management of the pandemic by authorities and a lack or excess of information also contributed to worse mental health. (4) Conclusions: There are groups of people more likely to suffer higher levels of anxiety, depression and stress during the restrictive measures derived from COVID-19.

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