scholarly journals New kids on the CPET: age-appropriate outdoor cardiopulmonary exercise testing in preschoolers

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Rottermann ◽  
Annika Weigelt ◽  
Tim Stäbler ◽  
Benedikt Ehrlich ◽  
Sven Dittrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Testing ◽  
Mobile Device ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Test Duration ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise ◽  
Bruce Protocol ◽  
Natural Movement ◽  
Age Appropriate

Abstract Purpose Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in preschoolers (4–6 years) represents a challenge. Most studies investigating CPET have been limited to older children (> 8 year). However, knowledge of the performance of small children is essential for evaluating their cardiorespiratory fitness. This study strives to compare a modified Bruce protocol with a new age-appropriate incremental CPET during natural movement running outdoors, using a mobile device. Methods A group of 22 4–6-year-old healthy children was tested indoor on a treadmill (TM) using the modified Bruce protocol. The results were compared with a self-paced incremental running test, using a mobile CPET device in an outdoor park. The speeds were described as (1) slow walking, (2) slow running, (3) regular running, and (4) running with full speed as long as possible. Results Mean exercise time outdoors (6,57 min) was significantly shorter than on the treadmill (11,20 min), $$\dot{V}{O}_{2peak}$$ V ˙ O 2 p e a k (51.1 ml/min/kg vs. 40.1 ml/min/kg), RER (1.1 vs. 0.98) and important CPET parameters such as $$\dot{V}E$$ V ˙ E max, O2pulse, heart rate and breath rate were significantly higher outdoors. The submaximal parameter OUES was comparable between both the tests. Conclusions Testing very young children with a mobile device is a new alternative to treadmill testing. With a significantly shorter test duration, significantly higher values for almost all cardiopulmonary variables can be achieved without losing the ability to determine VT1 and VT2. It avoids common treadmill problems and allows for individualized exercise testing. The aim is to standardize exercise times with individual protocols instead of standardizing protocols with individual exercise times, allowing for better comparability.

Open field stress testing: finally an optimal method in young children? Reference values for mobile cardiopulmonary exercise testing in healthy children aged 4–8 years

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Philipp Kalden ◽  
Isabelle Schoeffl ◽  
Kathrin Rottermann ◽  
Florian Loeffelbein ◽  
Anna Michaelis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Exercise Testing ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise ◽  
Very Young Children

Abstract Introduction: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing represents the diagnostic tool for determining cardiopulmonary function. Especially in small children, exercise testing is extremely challenging. To address this problem, field testing has been implemented using small mobile devices. This study aims at using this protocol for developing normal values for cardiopulmonary exercise testing in very young children. Material and methods: Healthy children aged 4–8 years were recruited. All children were tested according to an outdoor protocol, in which they were instructed to walk, then run slowly, then a little harder and at last run at full speed. Each step lasted for 2 minutes, except the last step, in which the children were instructed to maintain as long as possible. Results: A total of 104 children (64 female/35 male, mean age 6.6 years) performed outdoor cardiopulmonary exercise testing using a mobile device. Almost all tests were completed successfully (95%). Despite a predominance of female study subjects, anthropometric values did not differ between boys and girls. V̇O2peak/kg, respiratory exchange ratio, VT1, heart rate at VT1, and time of exercise were also comparable between sexes. Generally, a tendency of higher maximal oxygen uptake could be observed in older children. Conclusion: Open field mobile cardiopulmonary exercise testing represents a novel approach in very young children. In this study, we were able to determine normal values of maximal oxygen uptake and OUES/kg for 4–8-year-old children. The method is easy to achieve and safe.

scholarly journals A meta-analysis of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in pre-pubertal healthy children produces new information

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Cristina Tavares ◽  
Edimar Alcides Bocchi ◽  
Iram Soares Teixeira Neto ◽  
Guilherme Veiga Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Testing ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise ◽  
New Information

scholarly journals Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in healthy children and adolescents at moderately high altitude

2013 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-182
Author(s):  
Hermes Ilarraza-Lomelí ◽  
Javier Castañeda-López ◽  
Jonathan Myers ◽  
Irma Miranda ◽  
Paula Quiroga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Exercise Testing ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise

scholarly journals Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in children and adolescents

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Exercise Testing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Test Duration ◽  
Body Dimension ◽  
Pubertal Stage ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Incremental Step

In cardiopulmonary exercise testing with children and adolescents, age specific protocols are used together with tools adjustable to their body dimension and development. Assessing weight, height und pubertal stage is a prerequisite for the interpretation of every test. Indications for exercise testing are airway symptoms and findings limited performance, chronic diseases, planning of trainings and scientific studies. The more tests are standardized and used on a large scale, the more normal values are available to compare individual results. However, the interindividual variability of measured values is high, depending as much from the developmental stage of the individual as from protocols, tools and the performing laboratory. Tests are mainly incremental step or ramp tests, test duration should not exceed 10–12 min

scholarly journals Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children and Adolescents with High Body Mass Index

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan M. Cooper ◽  
Szu-Yun Leu ◽  
Candice Taylor-Lucas ◽  
Kim Lu ◽  
Pietro Galassetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Exercise Testing ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
High Body Mass Index ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise ◽  
Exercise Medicine ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
High Bmi

Consensus has yet to be achieved on whether obesity is inexorably tied to poor fitness. We tested the hypothesis that appropriate reference of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) variables to lean body mass (LBM) would eliminate differences in fitness between high-BMI (≥ 95th percentile, n = 72, 50% female) and normal-BMI (< 85th percentile, n = 142, 49% female), otherwise-healthy children and adolescents typically seen when referencing body weight. We measured body composition with dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and CPET variables from cycle ergometry using both peak values and submaximal exercise slopes (peak VO2, ΔVO2/ΔHR, ΔWR/ΔHR, ΔVO2/ΔWR, and ΔVE/ΔVCO2). In contrast to our hypothesis, referencing to LBM tended to lessen, but did not eliminate, the differences (peak VO2 [p < .004] and ΔVO2/ΔHR [p < .02]) in males and females; ΔWR/ΔHR differed between the two groups in females (p = .041) but not males (p = .1). The mean percent predicted values for all CPET variables were below 100% in the high-BMI group. The pattern of CPET abnormalities suggested a pervasive impairment of O2 delivery in the high-BMI group (ΔVO2/ΔWR was in fact highest in normal-BMI males). Tailoring lifestyle interventions to the specific fitness capabilities of each child (personalized exercise medicine) may be one of the ways to stem what has been an intractable epidemic.

scholarly journals Motor Pathophysiology Related to Dyspnea in COPD Evaluated by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 364
Author(s):  
Keisuke Miki
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Testing ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Exertional Dyspnea ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Medicine Department ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise ◽  
Dynamic Lung Hyperinflation

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), exertional dyspnea, which increases with the disease’s progression, reduces exercise tolerance and limits physical activity, leading to a worsening prognosis. It is necessary to understand the diverse mechanisms of dyspnea and take appropriate measures to reduce exertional dyspnea, as COPD is a systemic disease with various comorbidities. A treatment focusing on the motor pathophysiology related to dyspnea may lead to improvements such as reducing dynamic lung hyperinflation, respiratory and metabolic acidosis, and eventually exertional dyspnea. However, without cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), it may be difficult to understand the pathophysiological conditions during exercise. CPET facilitates understanding of the gas exchange and transport associated with respiration-circulation and even crosstalk with muscles, which is sometimes challenging, and provides information on COPD treatment strategies. For respiratory medicine department staff, CPET can play a significant role when treating patients with diseases that cause exertional dyspnea. This article outlines the advantages of using CPET to evaluate exertional dyspnea in patients with COPD.

scholarly journals Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD): principles, methodology and clinical applications of the optimal tool for exercise tolerance evaluation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Pella ◽  
Afroditi Boutou ◽  
Aristi Boulmpou ◽  
Christodoulos E Papadopoulos ◽  
Aikaterini Papagianni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Exercise Testing ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Exercise Intolerance ◽  
End Stage Kidney Disease ◽  
Exercise Limitation ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise ◽  
Functional Reserves ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
End Stage

Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Exercise intolerance as well as reduced cardiovascular reserve are extremely common in patients with CKD. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a non-invasive, dynamic technique that provides an integrative evaluation of cardiovascular, pulmonary, neuropsychological and metabolic function during maximal or submaximal exercise, allowing the evaluation of functional reserves of these systems. This assessment is based on the principle that system failure typically occurs when the system is under stress and, thus, CPET is currently considered to be the gold-standard for identifying exercise limitation and differentiating its causes. It has been widely used in several medical fields for risk stratification, clinical evaluation and other applications but its use in everyday practice for CKD patients is scarce. This article describes the basic principles and methodology of CPET and provides an overview of important studies that utilized CPET in patients with ESKD, in an effort to increase awareness of CPET capabilities among practicing nephrologists.

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