scholarly journals The effect of episodic retrieval on inhibition in task switching: a diffusion model analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 1965-1999
Author(s):  
Agnieszka W. Kowalczyk ◽  
James A. Grange
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Task Repetition ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Inhibition in task switching is inferred from $$n-2$$ n - 2 task repetition costs: slower response times and poorer accuracy for ABA task switching sequences compared to CBA sequences, thought to reflect the persisting inhibition of task A across an ABA sequence. Much work has examined the locus of this inhibition effect, with evidence that inhibition targets response selection processes. Consistent with this, fits of the diffusion model to $$n-2$$ n - 2 task repetition cost data have shown that the cost is reflected by lower estimates of drift rate, suggesting that inhibition impairs information processing efficiency during response selection. However, we have shown that the $$n-2$$ n - 2 task repetition cost is confounded with episodic retrieval effects which masquerade as inhibitory costs. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of diffusion model fits to new data within a paradigm that controls for episodic interference. Across four experiments (total $$N = 191$$ N = 191 ), we find evidence that the reduction of drift rate for $$n-2$$ n - 2 task repetition costs is only evident under conditions of episodic interference, and the cost is absent when this interference is controlled for. In addition, we also find evidence that episodic retrieval influences task preparation processes and response caution. These findings provide important constraints for theories of task switching that suggest inhibition selectively targets response selection processes.

scholarly journals The effect of episodic retrieval on inhibition in task switching: A diffusion model analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kowalczyk ◽  
Jim Grange
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Task Repetition ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Total N ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
The Cost

Inhibition in task switching is inferred from n–2 task repetition costs: Slower response times and poorer accuracy for ABA task switching sequences compared to CBA sequences, thought to reflect the persisting inhibition of task A across an ABA sequence. Much work has examined the locus of this inhibition effect, with evidence that inhibition targets response-selection processes. Consistent with this, fits of the diffusion model to n–2 task repetition cost data have shown that the cost is reflected by lower estimates of drift rate, suggesting that inhibition impairs information processing efficiency during response selection. However, we have shown that the n–2 task repetition cost is confounded with episodic retrieval effects which masquerade as inhibitory costs. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of diffusion model fits to new data within a paradigm that controls for episodic interference. Across 4 experiments (total N = 191) we find evidence that the reduction of drift rate for n–2 task repetition costs is only evident under conditions of episodic interference, and the cost is absent when this interference is controlled for. In addition, we also find evidence that episodic retrieval influences task preparation processes and response caution. These findings provide important constraints for theories of task switching that suggest inhibition selectively targets response selection processes

scholarly journals The effect of aging on inhibition in task switching: Controlling for episodic retrieval

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Grange ◽  
Agnieszka Kowalczyk
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Task Repetition ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Related Difference ◽  
Inhibitory Deficit ◽  
Age Related

Inhibition in task switching is inferred from n–2 task repetition costs: responses areslower and less accurate to ABA task switching sequences than CBA sequences, thought to reflect the persisting inhibition of task A in an ABA sequence which hampers re-activation attempts. Despite the inhibitory deficit hypothesis of age-related decline in cognition, studies have found no consistent age-related difference in n–2 task repetition costs. Recent work has shown that extant measures of the n–2 task repetition cost are contaminated with episodic retrieval effects, which inflate estimates of inhibition. The current study revisited potential age-related differences in n–2 task repetition costs in a design that controls for episodic interference. We find equivalent n–2 task repetition costs in older and younger adults in response times, which provides converging evidence of no age-related decline of inhibition in task switching.

scholarly journals The effect of practice on inhibition in task switching: Controlling for episodic retrieval

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Grange ◽  
Paula Kedra ◽  
Alison Stephanie Walker
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Practice Effects ◽  
Task Repetition ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Cognitive Inhibition ◽  
Inhibitory Process ◽  
Extended Practice ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Clear Increase

Previous work has shown that extended practice leads to a reduction in a key measure of cognitive inhibition during task switching: The n–2 task repetition cost. However, it has been demonstrated that this n–2 task repetition cost is increased by a non-inhibitory process—namely episodic retrieval—raising the question of whether the observed reduction of the cost with practice is driven by a reduction in inhibition, episodic retrieval effects, or a combination of both. The current study addresses this question by utilising a practice protocol using a task switching paradigm capable of controlling for episodic retrieval. The results showed a reduction in the n–2 task repetition cost with extended practice. The results also showed a clear increase of the n–2 task repetition cost due to episodic retrieval effects. The reduction of the cost with practice was driven by a reduction in inhibition and episodic retrieval contributions to the cost with practice, although there was a larger reduction in the episodic retrieval contribution with practice. The results are discussed with reference to current theoretical models of inhibition in task switching, which need to accommodate episodic retrieval and practice effects.

scholarly journals Qualitative speed-accuracy tradeoff effects that cannot be explained by the diffusion model under the selective influence assumption

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farshad Rafiei ◽  
Dobromir Rahnev
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Perceptual Discrimination ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Selective Influence ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff ◽  
Rt Distributions

It is often thought that the diffusion model explains all effects related to the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) but this has previously been examined with only a few SAT conditions or only a few subjects. Here we collected data from 20 subjects who performed a perceptual discrimination task with five different difficulty levels and five different SAT conditions (5,000 trials/subject). We found that the five SAT conditions produced robustly U-shaped curves for (i) the difference between error and correct response times (RTs), (ii) the ratio of the standard deviation and mean of the RT distributions, and (iii) the skewness of the RT distributions. Critically, the diffusion model where only drift rate varies with contrast and only boundary varies with SAT could not account for any of the three U-shaped curves. Further, allowing all parameters to vary across conditions revealed that both the SAT and difficulty manipulations resulted in substantial modulations in every model parameter, while still providing imperfect fits to the data. These findings demonstrate that the diffusion model cannot fully explain the effects of SAT and establishes three robust but challenging effects that models of SAT should account for.

scholarly journals Bayesian confidence for drift diffusion observers in dynamic stimuli tasks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Calder-Travis ◽  
Rafal Bogacz ◽  
Nick Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Dynamic Stimuli ◽  
Computationally Expensive ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Confidence Data

AbstractMuch work has explored the possibility that the drift diffusion model, a model of response times and choices, could be extended to account for confidence reports. Many methods for making predictions from such models exist, although these methods either assume that stimuli are static over the course of a trial, or are computationally expensive, making it difficult to capitalise on trial-by-trial variability in dynamic stimuli. Using the framework of the drift diffusion model with time-dependent thresholds, and the idea of a Bayesian confidence readout, we derive expressions for the probability distribution over confidence reports. In line with current models of confidence, the derivations allow for the accumulation of “pipeline” evidence which has been received but not processed by the time of response, the effect of drift rate variability, and metacognitive noise. The expressions are valid for stimuli which change over the course of a trial with normally distributed fluctuations in the evidence they provide. A number of approximations are made to arrive at the final expressions, and we test all approximations via simulation. The derived expressions only contain a small number of standard functions, and only require evaluating once per trial, making trial-by-trial modelling of confidence data in dynamic stimuli tasks more feasible. We conclude by using the expressions to gain insight into the confidence of optimal observers, and empirically observed patterns.

scholarly journals Qualitative speed-accuracy tradeoff effects that cannot be explained by the diffusion model under the selective influence assumption

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farshad Rafiei ◽  
Dobromir Rahnev
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Perceptual Discrimination ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Selective Influence ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff ◽  
Rt Distributions

AbstractIt is often thought that the diffusion model explains all effects related to the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) but this has previously been examined with only a few SAT conditions or only a few subjects. Here we collected data from 20 subjects who performed a perceptual discrimination task with five different difficulty levels and five different SAT conditions (5000 trials/subject). We found that the five SAT conditions produced robustly U-shaped curves for (i) the difference between error and correct response times (RTs), (ii) the ratio of the standard deviation and mean of the RT distributions, and (iii) the skewness of the RT distributions. Critically, the diffusion model where only drift rate varies with contrast and only boundary varies with SAT could not account for any of the three U-shaped curves. Further, allowing all parameters to vary across conditions revealed that both the SAT and difficulty manipulations resulted in substantial modulations in every model parameter, while still providing imperfect fits to the data. These findings demonstrate that the diffusion model cannot fully explain the effects of SAT and establishes three robust but challenging effects that models of SAT should account for.

scholarly journals The Role of Right and Left Parietal Lobes in the Conceptual Processing of Numbers

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinella Cappelletti ◽  
Hwee Ling Lee ◽  
Elliot D. Freeman ◽  
Cathy J. Price
Keyword(s):  
Functional Imaging ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Conceptual Processing ◽  
Parietal Lobes ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
Left And Right

Neuropsychological and functional imaging studies have associated the conceptual processing of numbers with bilateral parietal regions (including intraparietal sulcus). However, the processes driving these effects remain unclear because both left and right posterior parietal regions are activated by many other conceptual, perceptual, attention, and response-selection processes. To dissociate parietal activation that is number-selective from parietal activation related to other stimulus or response-selection processes, we used fMRI to compare numbers and object names during exactly the same conceptual and perceptual tasks while factoring out activations correlating with response times. We found that right parietal activation was higher for conceptual decisions on numbers relative to the same tasks on object names, even when response time effects were fully factored out. In contrast, left parietal activation for numbers was equally involved in conceptual processing of object names. We suggest that left parietal activation for numbers reflects a range of processes, including the retrieval of learnt facts that are also involved in conceptual decisions on object names. In contrast, number selectivity in right parietal cortex reflects processes that are more involved in conceptual decisions on numbers than object names. Our results generate a new set of hypotheses that have implications for the design of future behavioral and functional imaging studies of patients with left and right parietal damage.

scholarly journals Early childhood bilingualism leads to advances in executive attention: Dissociating culture and language

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUJIN YANG ◽  
HWAJIN YANG ◽  
BARBARA LUST
Keyword(s):  
Executive Control ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Cultural Effects ◽  
English Bilingual ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Culture And Language

This study investigated whether early especially efficient utilization of executive functioning in young bilinguals would transcend potential cultural benefits. To dissociate potential cultural effects from bilingualism, four-year-old U.S. Korean–English bilingual children were compared to three monolingual groups – English and Korean monolinguals in the U.S.A. and another Korean monolingual group, in Korea. Overall, bilinguals were most accurate and fastest among all groups. The bilingual advantage was stronger than that of culture in the speed of attention processing, inverse processing efficiency independent of possible speed-accuracy trade-offs, and the network of executive control for conflict resolution. A culture advantage favoring Korean monolinguals from Korea was found in accuracy but at the cost of longer response times.

scholarly journals Effects of response selection on the task repetition benefit in task switching

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iring Koch ◽  
Andrea M. Philipp
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Task Repetition

scholarly journals The effect of aging on response congruency in task switching: A meta-analysis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Grange ◽  
Raymond B Becker
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Related Effect ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Response Congruency

Response congruency effects in task switching are the observed slowing of response times for incongruent targets which afford more than one response (depending on task) in comparison to congruent stimuli that afford just one response regardless of the task. These effects are thought to reflect increased ambiguity during response selection for incongruent stimuli. The present study presents a meta-analysis of 27 conditions (from 16 separate studies) whose designs allowed investigation of age-related differences in response-congruency effects. Multilevel modelling of Brinley plots and state–trace plots showed no age-related effect on response congruency beyond that which can be explained by general age-related slowing. The results add to the growing body of evidence of no age-related decline in measures of attention and executive functioning.

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