scholarly journals Do conditional cash transfers increase schooling among adolescents?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Draeger
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Bolsa Familia ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Intent To Treat

AbstractIn several Latin American countries, conditional cash transfer programmes are a proven means of alleviating poverty in the short term and promoting education of children from disadvantaged families in the longer run. While the effectiveness of the Brazilian Bolsa Família for children’s education outcomes up to 15 years of age has been widely documented, its contribution to the promotion of students of secondary school age has not been fully explored in light of the programme’s expansion to 16-17 years olds in 2008. In this paper, I draw on Brazilian National Household Sample Survey data and use a difference-in-differences approach already applied in research in the context of Bolsa Família extension. Whereas these data were previously examined to detect intent-to-treat (ITT) effects due to insufficient information on treatment status, in this study I rely on a classifier method to additionally estimate average treatment effects on the treated who belong to families supposedly receiving Bolsa Família cash transfers. The results suggest that school attendance rates for 16-year-olds are particularly increased in the Brazilian Northeast, although the estimates are not significant when further time periods are taken into account. As comparably poor but non-recipient households have larger and consistently significant gains of school attendance, the effect on adolescent’s education directly caused by the expansion of Bolsa Família remains ambiguous and thus cast doubt on the specific parallel trend assumption. In addition, no long-run ITT effects of the programme’s expansion on school participation among 16 year old teenagers are found.

The influence of Bolsa Familia conditional cash transfer program on child labor in Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paloma Santana Moreira Pais ◽  
Felipe de Figueiredo Silva ◽  
Evandro Camargos Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Transfer Program ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
Bolsa Familia ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The Brazilian Government created the Bolsa Familia program to combat poverty and the insertion of so many children into the labor market. This program is an income transfer program subject to certain conditions such as a minimum school attendance for children under 17 years of age. In 2006, almost half of the people with an income per capita of R$300.00 (US$139.53) per month declared that they received this benefit. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of Bolsa Familia on child labor in Brazil in 2006. Design/methodology/approach The authors used a propensity score matching model with data from the National Household Sample Survey PESQUISA NACIONAL POR AMOSTRA DE DOMICÍLIOS (PNAD), for 2006. Findings Results indicate that the program increased the number of hours of child labor in Brazil. However, this outcome might be explained by the fact that those families who received Bolsa Familia were also those with higher socioeconomic vulnerability. Thus, they need to guarantee their survival with the income generated via child labor. Social implications The Brazilian Government needs to invest not only in monetary transfer policies but also in the improvement of the job market to create opportunities for the social development of children. Originality/value The contribution of the paper is the investigation into the effect of the Bolsa Familia program on the average time allocated to child labor; the authors find that this time allocation could be reduced by requiring a compulsory school attendance.

The Anti-Incumbent Effects of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Sanches Corrêa ◽  
José Antonio Cheibub
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer Programs ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractScholars concur that conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs have a strong proincumbent effect among beneficiaries. Although no study has properly focused on the overall effect of cash transfers on incumbents' national vote shares, most scholars have deduced that this effect is positive; i.e., that cash transfers lead to the expansion of incumbents' electoral bases. This article analyzes survey data from nearly all Latin American countries and confirms that beneficiaries of CCT programs are more likely to support incumbents. However, it also shows that CCT programs may induce many voters who were previously incumbent supporters to vote for the opposition. As a consequence, the overall impact of cash transfers on incumbents' vote shares is indeterminate; it depends on the balance between both patterns of behavioral changes among voters. This study is the first to report evidence that cash transfer programs may have significant anti-incumbent effects.

scholarly journals Compulsory education laws or incentives from CCT programs? Explaining the rise in secondary school attendance rate in Argentina

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Edo ◽  
Mariana Marchionni ◽  
Santiago Garganta
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Latin American ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Transfer Program ◽  
National Education ◽  
Upper Secondary Education ◽  
The Impact

Argentina has traditionally stood out in terms of educational outcomes among its Latin American counterparts. Schooling of older children, however, still shows room for improvement especially among the more vulnerable. Fortunately, during the last years a sizeable improvement in attendance rates for children aged 15 through 17 took place. This could be related to the 2006 National Education Law that made upper-secondary education compulsory. In this paper, instead, we claim that the Asignación Universal por Hijo (Universal Child Allowance, AUH) -a massive conditional cash transfer program implemented in 2009 in Argentina- may be mostly responsible for this improvement. Using a difference-in-difference strategy we estimate that the program accounts for a 3.9 percentage point increase in the probability of attending secondary school among eligible children aged 15 through 17. The impact seems to be led by boys and is more relevant for children living in larger families where the head of household has a lower educational level.

Do Conditional Cash Transfers Empower Women? Insights from Brazil’s Bolsa Família

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-74
Author(s):  
Natasha Borges Sugiyama ◽  
Wendy Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfers ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer Programs ◽  
Bolsa Familia ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTConditional cash transfer programs (CCTs) have emerged as an important social welfare innovation across the Global South in the last two decades. That poor mothers are typically the primary recipients of the grants renders easy, but not necessarily correct, the notion that CCTs empower women. This article assesses the relationship between the world’s largest CCT, Brazil’s Bolsa Família, and women’s empowerment. To systematize and interpret existing research, including our own, it puts forth a three-part framework that examines the program’s effects on economic independence, physical health, and psychosocial well-being. Findings suggest that women experience some improved status along all three dimensions, but that improvements are far from universal. A core conclusion is that the broader institutional context in which the Bolsa Família is embedded—that is, ancillary services in health and social assistance—is crucial for conditioning the degree of empowerment obtained.

scholarly journals From Fome Zero to Bolsa Família: Social Policies and Poverty Alleviation under Lula

2006 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTHONY HALL
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Bolsa Familia

Under the administrations of Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995–2002) and especially President Lula (2003–), conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes have become adopted as mainstream social policy in Brazil. This follows a marked trend since the 1990s in Latin America towards the setting up of targeted safety nets to alleviate poverty. Lula consolidated and expanded CCTs, firstly under Fome Zero and later Bolsa Família, now the largest such scheme in the world. Its four sub-programmes (educational stipends to boost school attendance, maternal nutrition, food supplements and a domestic gas subsidy) benefit some 30 million of Brazil's poorest people, with a target of 44 million by 2006. Since 2003, spending on Bolsa Família has risen significantly to consume over one-third of the social assistance budget for the poorest sectors and it remained a flagship policy in the run-up to the presidential elections of October 2006. Although coverage of Bolsa Família is impressive, however, systematic evaluation of its social and economic impacts is still lacking. Evidence from other CCT programmes in Latin America suggests that positive results may be achieved in terms of meeting some immediate needs of the poor. However, there have been many implementation problems. These include poor beneficiary targeting, lack of inter-ministerial coordination, inadequate monitoring, clientelism, weak accountability and alleged political bias. Given the heightened profile of cash transfers in Brazil's social policy agenda, key questions need to be asked. These concern, firstly, the extent to which Bolsa Família does indeed contribute to poverty alleviation; and secondly, whether it creates greater dependence of the poor on government hand-outs and political patronage at the expense of long-term social investment for development.

scholarly journals Transferências de Renda Condicionada na América Latina e Bolsa Família no Brasil: uma discussão sobre desenvolvimentos da política social

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Carolina Alves Vestena
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Bolsa Familia ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Political Spectrum

ResumoNos últimos, transformações têm sido observadas no espectro político latino-americano, o que se reflete também na condução das políticas sociais na região. Exemplo disso, no caso brasileiro, são as recentes mudanças no programa Bolsa Família, uma das políticas mais reconhecidas internacionalmente neste âmbito. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma análise do perfil do programa em sua elaboração e no interior do contexto latino-americano das políticas de transferência de renda. Assim, permite refletir sobre o paradigma de política social presente no continente e suas influências no modelo brasileiro. A partir de levantamento teórico sobre as políticas sociais na região e de dados empíricos sobre seus impactos, são destacadas as tendências de desenvolvimento observadas e discute-se o papel desempenhado pela política social hegemônica nos últimos anos no Brasil.Palavras-chaves: Bolsa Família, transferência de renda condicionada, América Latina, política social.***Las Transferencias de Renta Condicionadas en América Latina y Bolsa Familia en Brasil: una discusión sobre los desarrollos de la política socialResumenEn los últimos, se han observado cambios en el espectro político de América Latina, lo que se refleja también en la gestión de las políticas sociales en la región. Ejemplo, en Brasil, son los recientes cambios en el programa Bolsa Familia, una de las políticas más reconocidas internacionalmente en este ámbito. En este sentido, este artículo tiene por objetivo presentar un análisis del perfil del programa en su preparación y en el contexto latinoamericano de las políticas de transferencia de renta. Así, que permite reflexionar sobre el paradigma de la política social en el continente y sus influencias en el modelo brasileño. De la investigación teórica sobre las políticas sociales de la región y los datos empíricos sobre su impacto se ponen de relieve las tendencias de desarrollo observadas y se discute el papel de la política social hegemónica en los últimos años en Brasil.Palabras claves: Bolsa Familia, transferencia de renta condicionada, América Latina, política social.***Conditional Cash Transfers in Latin America and Bolsa Família Program in Brazil: a discussion on development of social policiesAbstractIn the last years, changes have been observed in the Latin American political spectrum, which also has reflects on the social policies in the region. The recent changes in the Bolsa Família program in Brazil, one of the most internationally recognized policies in this area, exemplify these transformations. Hereof this article aims to present an analysis of the Bolsa Família profile in its implementation and within the Latin American context of cash transfer policies. From this perspective it is possible to analyze the paradigm of social policy on the continent and its influences on the Brazilian model. From theoretical research on social policies in the region and empirical data on their impact, the development trends and the role of the hegemonic social policy in recent years in Brazil will be highlighted and discussed.Keywords: Bolsa Família, conditional cash transfer, Latin America, social policy. 

scholarly journals Conditional and Unconditional Cash Transfers: Implications for Gender

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Levasseur ◽  
Stephanie Paterson ◽  
Nathalia Carvalho Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Policy Goal ◽  
Social Marginalization ◽  
Bolsa Familia ◽  
Unconditional Cash Transfers ◽  
Unconditional Cash Transfer

Abstract Solving poverty is a laudable public policy goal. While there are many approaches, one that has gained popularity is the conditional cash transfer that requires recipients to satisfy conditions imposed on them such as requiring regular medical checkups. Another approach, which is gaining interest is unconditional cash transfers that do not impose conditions. The question we ask in this paper is: what do these past and current attempts tell us about the implications for gender? To answer this question, we explore two programs using a gendered framework: Brazil's Bolsa Familia,which is a conditional cash transfer, and Manitoba's Mincome experiment, which was an unconditional cash transfer in Canada. We then consider how this information might be used by states, particularly as it relates to ending social marginalization. Broadly, this research contributes to academic discussions of public policy, income, gender and social vulnerability.

Anti-poverty transfers and school attendance: Panama's Red de Oportunidades

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Corrales-Herrero ◽  
Martina Him Camaño ◽  
Belén Miranda-Escolar ◽  
Olga Ogando Canabal
Keyword(s):  
School Attendance ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this paper seeks to gauge the impact of the Red de Oportunidades programme on the school attendance of children from households that participate in the programme.Design/methodology/approachIn order to measure the impact of the programme, the authors apply propensity score matching, a quasi-experimental technique that allows us to find an appropriate control group to compare with the treatment group.FindingsResults show that the programme does not always manage to bring into line school attendance of children from families involved in the programme with that of children from families who are not. Nevertheless, differences are still evident in terms of age, gender and geographical area.Practical implicationsConditional cash transfer programmes should be designed carefully, taking into account a great variety of factors such as geographical characteristics, educational resources and infrastructure, not only to replicate programmes that have proved to be effective in other countries. In this sense, it seems that the impact of cash transfers on primary school attendance can be wholly attributed to the programme, implying that it is better to allocate more resources to groups in terms of age and gender where education is still not universal.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time the impact of conditional cash transfers on school attendance has been examined in a country that still displays major geographical differences in terms of poverty, namely, Panama. The Red de Oportunidades programme has barely been studied.

scholarly journals Pendistribusian Dana Wakaf dengan Skema Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) Sebagai solusi atas Permasalahan Stunting di Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-124
Author(s):  
Husnul Mirzal ◽  
Muhammad Wicaksono Hasdyani Putra
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfers ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Long Run

Abstract: Indonesia is one of the countries with a very high number of stunting sufferers, in addition to affecting physical conditions in the form of disproportionate growth and development, in the short term stunting will increase morbidity and mortality rates in children under five. In the medium term, it will cause a decline in intellectual and cognitive abilities, and in the long run it has the potential to reduce the quality of human resources and the problem of degenerative diseases in adulthood. As one of the philanthropic instruments in Islam, waqf has the potential to reduce the stunting rate in Indonesia, one way is to distribute waqf using Conditional Cash Transfers scheme. This study aims to offer conditional cash transfer as a scheme in distributing waqf funds to reduce stunting rates in Indonesia. This research uses qualitative methods with a library research approach. The results of this study indicate that waqf can be distributed using the Conditional Cash Transfers scheme to reduce stunting rates by targeting participants who come from poor families who have pregnant women and toddlers, requiring recipients to commit to checking themselves into health facilities, providing waqf funds in the form of nutrition and proper sanitation facilities, and the entire implementation process is supervised by a competent supervisor. The results of this study are expected to be useful for related parties in their efforts to reduce stunting rates in Indonesia. Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan jumlah penderita stunting yang sangat tinggi, selain mempengaruhi kondisi fisik berupa tumbuh kembang yang tidak proporsional, dalam jangka pendek stunting akan meningkatkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas pada balita. Dalam jangka menengah akan menyebabkan menurunnya intelektualitas dan kemampuan kognitif, dan dalam jangka panjang berpotensi menurunkan kualitas sumberdaya manusia dan masalah penyakit degeneratif di usia dewasa. Sebagai salah satu instrumen filantropis dalam Islam wakaf memiliki potensi untuk menurunkan angka stunting di Indonesia salah satu caranya adalah dengan mendistribusikan wakaf menggunakan skema Conditional Cash Transfers. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menawarkan skema conditional Cash Transfers dalam pendistribusian dana wakaf untuk menurunkan angka stunting di Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa wakaf dapat didistribusikan menggunakan skema Conditional Cash Transfers untuk menurunkan angka stunting dengan menargetkan peserta yang berasal dari keluarga miskin yang memiliki ibu hamil dan balita, mensyaratkan komitmen penerima untuk memeriksakan diri ke fasilitas kesehatan, pemberian dana wakaf dalam bentuk nutrisi dan fasilitas sanitasi yang layak serta seluruh proses implementasi tersebut diawasi oleh supervisor yang berkompeten. Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan bermanfaat bagi pihak terkait dalam upaya menurunkan angka stunting di Indonesia. ملخص: إندونيسيا هي واحدة من البلدان التي لديها عدد كبير جدًا من المصابين بالتقزم ، بالإضافة إلى التأثير على الظروف المادية في شكل نمو وتطور غير متناسبين ، فإن التقزم على المدى القصير سيزيد من معدلات الإصابة بالأمراض والوفيات بين الأطفال دون سن الخامسة. على المدى المتوسط ​​، سوف يتسبب ذلك في تدهور القدرات الفكرية والمعرفية ، وعلى المدى الطويل لديه القدرة على تقليل جودة الموارد البشرية ومشكلة الأمراض التنكسية في مرحلة البلوغ. باعتبارها واحدة من الأدوات الخيرية في الإسلام ، فإن الوقف لديه القدرة على تقليل معدل التقزم في إندونيسيا ، وتتمثل إحدى الطرق في توزيع الوقف باستخدام نظام التحويلات النقدية المشروطة. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقديم التحويل النقدي المشروط كمخطط في توزيع أموال الوقف لتقليل معدلات التقزم في إندونيسيا. يستخدم هذا البحث الأساليب النوعية مع نهج البحث في المكتبات. تشير نتائج هذه الدراسة إلى أنه يمكن توزيع الوقف باستخدام نظام التحويلات النقدية المشروطة لتقليل معدلات التقزم من خلال استهداف المشاركين الذين ينتمون إلى أسر فقيرة لديها نساء حوامل وأطفال صغار ، مما يتطلب من المستفيدين الالتزام بتسجيل أنفسهم في المرافق الصحية ، وتوفير أموال الوقف. في شكل تغذية ومرافق صحية مناسبة ، ويشرف على عملية التنفيذ بأكملها مشرف مختص. من المتوقع أن تكون نتائج هذه الدراسة مفيدة للأطراف ذات الصلة في جهودها للحد من معدلات التقزم في إندونيسيا. 

scholarly journals Evolution of child labor rate in Brazilian states: policy limits and contradictions

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-295
Author(s):  
Temidayo James Aransiola ◽  
Marcelo Justus
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
The North ◽  
Bolsa Familia

Abstract This study descriptively explores the evolution of child labor rates in Brazilian states from 2000 to 2014 and indicates specific limits and contradictions of governmental measures adopted for its reduction. On one hand, we examine the coverage of the Bolsa Família conditional cash transfer (PBF), which is a transversal program to reduce poverty. On the other hand, we examine the design of Labor Inspections with a focus on child labor. For this, we used data from the National Household Sample Survey, the Ministry of Social Development and the Ministry of Labor and Employment. Our analysis showed that the expressive reduction of the child labor rate in Brazil was driven, in particular, by the rural areas of the North and Northeast regions. However, the agricultural sector is still the major employer of child labor. We also found that the distribution of governmental countermeasures are contradictory as to the rate of child labor in the states. Inspection activities are shorthanded in fighting child labor in domestic work and family agriculture as a result of the constitutional apparatus of the inviolability of homes. The PBF conditional cash transfer is also limited in tackling child labor given that poverty level determines eligibility.

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