scholarly journals Financial spillovers, spillbacks, and the scope for international macroprudential policy coordination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Richard Agénor ◽  
Luiz A. Pereira da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Macroprudential Policy ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Macroprudential Policies ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
Monetary Policy Coordination

AbstractThis paper discusses the scope for international macroprudential policy coordination in a financially integrated world economy. It begins with a review of the transmission channels associated with, and the empirical evidence on, financial spillovers and spillbacks. Limitations of the existing literature are also identified. The potential gains associated with cross-border macroprudential coordination, dwelling on both recent analytical contributions and quantitative studies based on multi-country models with financial frictions, are then evaluated. The issue of whether coordination of macroprudential policies simultaneously requires some degree of monetary policy coordination is also discussed. The analysis focuses on the potential for policy coordination between major advanced economies and a group identified as systemically-important middle-income countries (SMICs). Next, practical ways to promote international macroprudential policy coordination are considered. Following a discussion of Basel III’s Principle of reciprocity and ways to improve it, the paper advocates a further strengthening of the current statistical, empirical and analytical work conducted by international financial institutions to evaluate, and raise awareness of, the gains from international coordination of macroprudential policies.

Economic Traps and Progress in Middle-Income Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
José Antonio Alonso ◽  
José Antonio Ocampo
Keyword(s):  
High Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Development Path ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Rare Phenomenon ◽  
Analytical Work

The chapter discusses the existence of potential economic traps that limit the capacity for middle-income countries (MICs) to converge towards high-income status. It presents an empirical exploration of the two interpretations (absolute and relative) of middle-income traps (MITs) and considers transitions between country categories that occurred during the last three decades. Even if transitions are a rare phenomenon, the authors conclude that evidence is not able to settle the existence of MITs, but it is enough to illustrate the severity of the challenges that MICs face in their development path. The chapter analyses the theoretical arguments offered to justify the presence of these pitfalls, as well as the main policy responses required to overcome them. Even if more analytical work is required, the chapter underlines that the debate around MITs has revitalized reflection on the active policies required to promote growth in MICs. Finally, the chapter presents an overview of the book, underlying the main contributions of each chapter.

scholarly journals Regulating the international surrogacy market:the ethics of commercial surrogacy in the Netherlands and India

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-630
Author(s):  
Jaden Blazier ◽  
Rien Janssens
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Ethical Analysis ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
International Context ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Commercial Surrogacy ◽  
Cross Border

Abstract It is unclear what proper remuneration for surrogacy is, since countries disagree and both commercial and altruistic surrogacy have ethical drawbacks. In the presence of cross-border surrogacy, these ethical drawbacks are exacerbated. In this article, we explore what would be ethical remuneration for surrogacy, and suggest regulations for how to ensure this in the international context. A normative ethical analysis of commercial surrogacy is conducted. Various arguments against commercial surrogacy are explored, such as exploitation and commodification of surrogates, reproductive capacities, and the child. We argue that, although commodification and exploitation can occur, these problems are not specific to surrogacy but should be understood in the broader context of an unequal world. Moreover, at least some of these arguments are based on symbolic rhetoric or they lack knowledge of real-world experiences. In line with this critique we argue that commercial surrogacy can be justified, but how and under what circumstances depends on the context. Surrogates should be paid a sufficient amount and regulations should be in order. In this article, the Netherlands and India (where commercial surrogacy was legal until 2015) are case examples of contexts that differ in many respects. In both contexts, surrogacy can be seen as a legitimate form of work, which requires the same wage and safety standards as other forms of labor. Payments for surrogacy need to be high enough to avoid exploitation by underpayment, which can be established by the mechanisms of either minimum wage (in high income countries such as the Netherlands), or Fair-Trade guidelines (in lower-middle income countries such as India). An international treaty governing commercial surrogacy should be in place, and local professional bodies to protect the interests of surrogates should be required. Commercial surrogacy should be permitted across the globe, which would also reduce the need for intended parents to seek surrogacy services abroad.

Challenges and Opportunities in Applying Genomic Selection to Ruminants Owned by Smallholder Farmers

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1172
Author(s):  
Heather M. Burrow ◽  
Raphael Mrode ◽  
A. Okeyo Mwai ◽  
Mike P. Coffey ◽  
Ben J. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Selection ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Barriers To Implementation ◽  
On Farm

Genomic selection has transformed animal and plant breeding in advanced economies globally, resulting in economic, social and environmental benefits worth billions of dollars annually. Although genomic selection offers great potential in low- to middle-income countries because detailed pedigrees are not required to estimate breeding values with useful accuracy, the difficulty of effective phenotype recording, complex funding arrangements for a limited number of essential reference populations in only a handful of countries, questions around the sustainability of those livestock-resource populations, lack of on-farm, laboratory and computing infrastructure and lack of human capacity remain barriers to implementation. This paper examines those challenges and explores opportunities to mitigate or reduce the problems, with the aim of enabling smallholder livestock-keepers and their associated value chains in low- to middle-income countries to also benefit directly from genomic selection.

scholarly journals Definitions of Severity in Treatment Seeking Studies of Febrile Illness in Children in Low and Middle Income Countries: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina C. Brunner ◽  
Phyllis Awor ◽  
Manuel W. Hetzel
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Treatment Seeking ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Children Under 5 ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Objectives: Understanding treatment seeking for severe febrile illness (SFI) is methodologically challenging. In this scoping review, we investigate definitions of severe febrile illness in treatment seeking studies on children under 5 years of age in low and middle income countries. We analyze the association of SFI definitions with different concepts of treatment seeking and identify related research gaps.Methods: We searched Pubmed, Scopus and WHOLIS, and screened references of included publications for eligibility.Results: Definitions of SFI had either a biomedical perspective (predominantly in quantitative studies) or a caregiver perspective (predominantly in qualitative studies). In quantitative analyses of treatment seeking, severity was more often conceptualized as a determinant rather than an outcome of a treatment seeking process. The majority of quantitative analyses only included surviving children or did not explicitly mention dead children.Conclusion: Different research questions lead to diverse definitions and concepts of severity and treatment seeking outcomes, which limits the comparability of the available evidence. Systematic exclusion of dead children is likely to bias inferences on the association of treatment seeking and health outcomes of children with SFI in low and middle income countries.

scholarly journals An implementation model for scaling up oral pre-exposure prophylaxis in Kenya: Jilinde project

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Daniel Were ◽  
Abednego Musau ◽  
Mary Mugambi ◽  
Marya Plotkin ◽  
Mark Kabue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scale Up ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Implementation Model ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Community Ownership ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Oral Prep ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an efficacious way to lower the risk of HIV acquisition among high-risk individuals. Despite the World Health Organization’s 2015 recommendation that all persons at substantial risk of HIV infection be provided with access to oral PrEP, the rollout has been slow in many low- and middle-income countries. Initiatives for national rollout are few, and subtle skepticism persists in several countries about the feasibility of national PrEP implementation. We describe the conceptual design of the Jilinde project, which is implementing oral PrEP as a routine service at a public health scale in Kenya. We describe the overlapping domains of supply, demand, and government and community ownership, which combine to produce a learning laboratory environment to explore the scale-up of PrEP. We describe how Jilinde approaches PrEP uptake and continuation by applying supply and demand principles and ensures that government and community ownership informs policy, coordination, and sustainability. We describe the “learning laboratory” approach that informs strategic and continuous learning, which allows for adjustments to the project. Jilinde’s conceptual model illustrates how the coalescence of these concepts can promote scale-up of PrEP in real-world conditions and offers critical lessons on an implementation model for scaling up oral PrEP in low- and middle-income countries.

scholarly journals Evolving Monetary Policy Frameworks in Low-Income and Other Developing Countries

Policy Papers ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Global Capital ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Policy Frameworks ◽  
Modernization Process ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

Over the past two decades, many low- and lower-middle income countries (LLMICs) have improved control over fiscal policy, liberalized and deepened financial markets, and stabilized inflation at moderate levels. Monetary policy frameworks that have helped achieve these ends are being challenged by continued financial development and increased exposure to global capital markets. Many policymakers aspire to move beyond the basics of stability to implement monetary policy frameworks that better anchor inflation and promote macroeconomic stability and growth. Many of these LLMICs are thus considering and implementing improvements to their monetary policy frameworks. The recent successes of some LLMICs and the experiences of emerging and advanced economies, both early in their policy modernization process and following the global financial crisis, are valuable in identifying desirable features of such frameworks. This paper draws on those lessons to provide guidance on key elements of effective monetary policy frameworks for LLMICs.

The Future of Telemedicine in Europe and Methods for the Evaluation of Health Services

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Di Giacomo
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
The One

Despite the accumulation of evidence for the effects of approaches to chronic illness, methodological and analytical work is still needed to develop widely accepted evaluation methods that are scientifically sound and also practicable in routine settings. Given all the diversity and variability of disease management, a key issue for this work concerns the difficulties in establishing a useful “comparator” in settings where it is not practical or possible to execute an evaluation as a randomized controlled trial (RCT). This is indeed an important task because evaluation methods are a precondition to select efficient and effective programs, or components within a program that can address the growing burden of chronic and more in general health conditions. This is evident, in particular, when it comes to new technologies in medicine and implementation and evaluation, in the healthcare sectors, distinguishing low-income countries, on the one-hand, and those in other middle income countries.

Deindustrialization and the Demand for Protection

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Heather-Leigh Kathryn Ba ◽  
Tyler Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Real Exchange Rates ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
The Business Cycle

Abstract Current explanations of demand for anti-dumping protections focus on the role of the business cycle, and fluctuations in real exchange rates. However, empirical evidence supporting these explanations is based primarily on the experience of industrialized countries. Here, we examine anti-dumping petitions in a broader sample of thirty-four industrialized and middle income countries from 1978–2015. We also propose a new determinant of demand for anti-dumping petitions—changes in the pattern of industrial production between developed and developing economies over this period have contributed to deindustrialization in advanced economies and premature industrialization some developing countries. These changes threaten established industries and motivate them to demand protection.

scholarly journals Using WhatsApp messenger for health systems research: a scoping review of available literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karima Manji ◽  
Johanna Hanefeld ◽  
Jo Vearey ◽  
Helen Walls ◽  
Thea de Gruchy
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Instant Messaging ◽  
Data Collection Tool ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
International Borders

Abstract Globally, the use of mobile phones for improving access to healthcare and conducting health research has gained traction in recent years as rates of ownership increase, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Mobile instant messaging applications, including WhatsApp Messenger, provide new and affordable opportunities for health research across time and place, potentially addressing the challenges of maintaining contact and participation involved in research with migrant and mobile populations, for example. However, little is known about the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of WhatsApp as a tool for health research. To inform our study, we conducted a scoping review of published health research that uses WhatsApp as a data collection tool. A key reason for focusing on WhatsApp is the ability to retain contact with participants when they cross international borders. Five key public health databases were searched for articles containing the words ‘WhatsApp’ and ‘health research’ in their titles and abstracts. We identified 69 articles, 16 of which met our inclusion criteria for review. We extracted data pertaining to the characteristics of the research. Across the 16 studies—11 of which were based in LMICs—WhatsApp was primarily used in one of two ways. In the eight quantitative studies identified, seven used WhatsApp to send hyperlinks to online surveys. With one exception, the eight studies that employed a qualitative (n = 6) or mixed-method (n = 2) design analysed the WhatsApp content generated through a WhatsApp-based programmatic intervention. We found a lack of attention paid to research ethics across the studies, which is concerning given the controversies WhatsApp has faced with regard to data protection in relation to end-to-end encryption. We provide recommendations to address these issues for researchers considering using WhatsApp as a data collection tool over time and place.

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