Analyses of nine years of citizen-based biological control monitoring of Dalmatian toadflax, Linaria dalmatica (Plantaginaceae) in Idaho, USA

BioControl ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron S. Weed ◽  
Joseph Milan ◽  
Mark Schwarzlaender
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Linaria Dalmatica ◽  
Dalmatian Toadflax

External rostral characters for differentiation of sexes in the biological control agent Mecinus janthinus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 354-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein Schat ◽  
Sharlene E. Sing ◽  
Robert K.D. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Linaria Dalmatica ◽  
Mecinus Janthinus ◽  
Exotic Invasive ◽  
Dalmatian Toadflax

AbstractThe stem-boring weevil, Mecinus janthinus (Germar), is a promising, well established classical biological control agent for the exotic invasive weed Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill.) (Scrophulariaceae). In this paper we present readily apparent rostral characters that can be used for sex differentiation of live stem-boring weevils at low magnification. These characters can be used by workers with little training to accurately sex weevils and can be used to rapidly determine sex ratios of field populations to improve timing of collection for redistribution.

Dalmatian Toadflax (Linaria dalmatica): New Host for Cucumber Mosaic Virus

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney L. Pariera Dinkins ◽  
Sue K. Brumfield ◽  
Robert K. D. Peterson ◽  
William E. Grey ◽  
Sharlene E. Sing
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Aphid Transmission ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
New Host ◽  
Tobacco Plants ◽  
Linaria Dalmatica ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Dalmatian Toadflax

To date, there have been no reports of Dalmatian toadflax serving as a host for cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Infestations of Dalmatian toadflax may serve as a reservoir of CMV, thereby facilitating aphid transmission of CMV to both agricultural crops and native plants. The goal of this study was to determine whether Dalmatian toadflax is a host for CMV. Dalmatian toadflax seedlings were randomly assigned to two treatments (18 replicates/treatment): no inoculation (control) and inoculation with CMV (Fast New York strain). The Dalmatian toadflax seedlings were inoculated by standard mechanical methods and tested for the presence of CMV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Ten of the 18 CMV-inoculated toadflax plants tested positive for the virus; 6 of the 18 displayed systemic mosaic chlorosis and leaf curling. All control plants tested negative. Transmission electron microscopy obtained from CMV-positive plants confirmed the presence of CMV based on physical properties. To verify CMV infestation, tobacco plants were assigned to the following treatments (six replicates/treatment): no inoculation (control), CMV-negative (control) inoculation, and a CMV-positive inoculation. Plants were inoculated by standard methods. Five of the 6 tobacco plants treated with the CMV-positive inoculum tested positive for CMV using ELISA. All control plants tested negative for the virus.

The biology of Canadian weeds. 106. Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill.

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ksenija Vujnovic ◽  
Ross W. Wein
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Linaria Dalmatica ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Dalmatian Toadflax ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
The 1960S

Dalmatian Toadflax, Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill. (Scrophulariaceae), is an important weed of rangelands, agricultural crops and waste areas in North America. The literature is less extensive than for the closely related yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.). Introduced from Eurasia as an ornamental plant into North America by 1894, it became naturalized in seven Canadian provinces and all of the United States of America west of the 100th meridian except for New Mexico. In North America it ranges from ca. 35° to 56°N latitude and it grows from near sea level to altitudes up to ca. 2800 m. Production of up to one-half million seeds per plant and its long-lived perennial nature make the species highly competitive and able to invade cropland and even stands of native ungrazed vegetation. Linaria dalmatica is a hemicryptophyte with strong vegetative reproduction and dormant seeds. Growth of creeping roots after removal of aboveground plant parts limits the effectiveness of control treatments such as grazing, clipping, mowing or burning. Several herbicides control the species for the short term; the smooth and waxy leaf surfaces may hinder herbicide uptake. Experimental biological control with insects since the 1960s shows promise. Key words: Linaria dalmatica, Dalmatian toadflax, Scrophulariaceae, weed biology, control, review

Hybridization between Invasive Populations of Dalmatian Toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) and Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris)

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Ward ◽  
Caren E. Fleischmann ◽  
Marie F. Turner ◽  
Sharlene E. Sing
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Putative Hybrid ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Parent Species ◽  
Linaria Dalmatica ◽  
Yellow Toadflax ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Dalmatian Toadflax

AbstractAlthough there is evidence that interspecific hybridization can initiate invasion by nonnative plants, there are few documented examples of novel hybridization events between introduced plant species already exhibiting invasive behavior. We conducted morphometric and molecular analyses of toadflax plants with intermediate morphology found at two sites in Montana, which were co-invaded by yellow toadflax and Dalmatian toadflax. Field-collected putative hybrid plants had intermediate morphometric scores (mean 0.47, on a scale of 0.0 = indistinguishable from Dalmatian toadflax to 1.0 = indistinguishable from yellow toadflax) for a suite of phenotypic traits that differentiate the parent species (leaf length : width ratio, growth form, seed morphology, inflorescence type, and ventral petal shape). Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis of a subset of these putative hybrids revealed combinations of species-diagnostic bands, confirming the presence of DNA from both parent species. Controlled interspecific hand-pollinations generated viable first generation (F1) hybrid plants that also had intermediate morphometric scores (mean 0.46) and a mix of species-diagnostic ISSR bands from both parents. The hand-generated F1hybrids crossed readily with both parent species to produce viable first generation backcrossed (BC1) plants. Our results confirm that hybridization is occurring between invasive populations of yellow toadflax and Dalmatian toadflax, and that the hybrid progeny are viable and fertile. This example of hybridization between alien congeners is of concern as the parent taxa are already known to be highly invasive. Further research is needed to assess the invasive potential of hybrid toadflax populations, and the likelihood of introgressive trait transfer between the parent species.

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