scholarly journals Groundwater Quality Patterns and Spatiotemporal Change in Depletion in the Regions of the Arabian Shield and Arabian Shelf

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 341-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Othman Abdurrahman Fallatah
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Arabian Shield ◽  
Saq Aquifer ◽  
Group I ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Group Ii

Abstract Groundwater quality is a critical issue in arid and semiarid countries, where it is one of the most reliable sources of water on which people depend. Water quality is a vital concern in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as it affects the health of its people, the growth of its agriculture, and its economic development. In this study, the objectives were to: (1) investigate the depletion rate of groundwater storage (GWS) in the study area by using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data from April 2002 to April 2016 to quantify terrestrial water storage; (2) determine the ionic composition of cations and anions for 24 samples (12 samples from Arabian Shield and 12 from Arabian Shelf in Saudi Arabia); and (3) assess the water quality of the aquifer. The results show a GRACE-derived GWS depletion of − 2 ± 0.13 km3/year. Ionic compositions reveal two main groups: group I, with well depths of 144–607 m, and group II, with well depths of 12–150 m. Group I waters (all from the Saq aquifer) appear to be fossil waters, while group II waters (alluvial aquifer) appear to be mixed waters. As illustrated by the use of a Piper diagram, 85% of the samples in Arabian Shelf are characterized as a mixed water of calcium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate (SO4). In the Arabian Shield, 50% of the samples are characterized as Ca–Cl waters. Since most of the samples (98%) are from domestic wells used for drinking water and have the potential for radioactivity in the groundwater, it is essential to complete radioactive analysis and confirm acceptable water quality, based on the standards of the Water Health Organization and the Saudi Arabian Standards Organization.

Acute respiratory acidosis: large-dose furosemide and cerebrospinal fluid ions

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 2651-2655 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Javaheri ◽  
W. Corbett ◽  
J. M. Adams ◽  
P. J. Davis ◽  
P. S. Gartside
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Large Dose ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated ◽  
Group I ◽  
Serial Serum ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Nacl Cotransport

NaCl cotransport carrier is known to be involved in transepithelial fluid absorption and secretion in various tissues. Recent studies indicate that Na-K-2Cl cotransport carrier also exists in the choroid plexus cells and that inhibition of the carrier decreases cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. In this study, we used large-dose intravenous furosemide, an inhibitor of Na-K-2Cl carrier, to determine the effects on cisternal CSF ionic composition in acute respiratory acidosis. In pentobarbital-anesthetized mechanically ventilated dogs, renal pedicles were ligated to prevent furosemide-induced diuresis. The experimental group (group II, n = 7) received 400 mg/kg of furosemide intravenously, and group I (control group, n = 7) received the vehicle. In group II, serial serum and CSF furosemide concentrations were approximately 10(-3) and 10(-5) mol/l, respectively. During 5 h of acute respiratory acidosis in both groups, the mean arterial PCO2 increased approximately 25 Torr, with comparable changes in CSF PCO2. In both groups, CSF [HCO3-] and [H+] rose approximately 3 meq/l and 20 neq/l, respectively. Changes in CSF [Na+], [K+], [Cl-], and [Na(+)-Cl-] were also similar and were not significantly different from each other when the two groups were compared. These data show that furosemide at the dose that inhibits NaCl cotransport carrier does not significantly alter ionic composition of cisternal CSF.

A pragmatic approach to study the groundwater quality suitability for domestic and agricultural usage, Saq aquifer, northwest of Saudi Arabia

2014 ◽  
Vol 186 (8) ◽  
pp. 4655-4667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousef Nazzal ◽  
Izrar Ahmed ◽  
Nassir S. N. Al-Arifi ◽  
Habes Ghrefat ◽  
Faisal K. Zaidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Saq Aquifer

scholarly journals Monitoring groundwater quality in a Namibian rural settlement

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 312-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Lewis ◽  
T. Claasen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Water Parameters ◽  
Water Drinking ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Improved Sanitation

Abstract Drinking water in rural areas is often contaminated due to poor sanitation practices, which cause problems such as diarrhea, polio and cholera. Rural water quality is a critical issue in Namibia because a great deal of the population lives in rural settlements. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of nitrate and some microbial parameters in borehole waters in 8 rural settlements in Hardap, Namibia. The tests were conducted in 2016 and the results compared to tests on the same boreholes in 2011. Parameters were determined using standard procedures. Water infrastructure and sanitation practices were also examined. Water parameters were compared to NamWater safe water drinking guidelines. The results revealed that sanitation practices need to be improved to avoid health risks. High levels of nitrate and coliform bacteria were identified as the most threatening contaminants that were determined. Water quality has deteriorated in these settlements since 2011, when only two of the boreholes yielded water unfit for drinking. In 2016 the number of unfit boreholes had increased to four. Systematic monitoring of groundwater quality, workshops on public health and sanitation practices, and improved sanitation facilities are recommended.

Furosemide and cerebrospinal fluid ions during acute respiratory acidosis

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 563-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Javaheri ◽  
J. F. Freidel ◽  
P. J. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated ◽  
Group I ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Group Ii

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of furosemide, an inhibitor of NaCl cotransport, on cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acid-base balance during acute respiratory acidosis (ARA). We measured blood and CSF acid-base variables in two groups (n = 7 in each) of anesthetized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated dogs with bilateral ligation of renal pedicles (to eliminate saluresis). After base-line samples were obtained (-1 h), furosemide (50 mg/kg) was administered intravenously within 15 min (group II); group I received an equal volume of half-normal saline. ARA was induced 1 h later (0 h) and arterial CO2 tension was maintained between 55 and 60 Torr for 5 h. Mean cisternal CSF PCO2 was 42.8 +/- 2.6 and 39.5 +/- 1.7 Torr, respectively in groups I and II and rose approximately 20 Torr during ARA. In group I, CSF [HCO3-] was 22.0 +/- 1.0, 24.8 +/- 0.6, and 25.4 +/- 1.6 meq/l, respectively at 0, 2.5, and 5 h. Respective values for group II were 22.2 +/- 1.3, 24.3 +/- 1.8, and 24.6 +/- 1.0 meq/l. These values were not significantly different from each other. In each group, CSF [Na+-Cl-] increased significantly during ARA, but the changes were not significantly different when the two groups were compared. We conclude that furosemide at the dose used in the present study does not change ionic composition and acid-base balance of cisternal CSF compared with control. Because changes in CSF [Na+-Cl-] during ARA were similar in both groups, any inhibition of Cl- influx into CSF by furosemide should have been proportional to that of Na+.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Groundwater Quality of the Saq Aquifer,Saudi Arabia

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
عبدالله دلیم عبدالله أل هیف
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Saq Aquifer

scholarly journals Groundwater quality in the Saq aquifer, Saudi Arabia

1996 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. SHARAF ◽  
M. T. HUSSEIN
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Saq Aquifer

Ultrastructural Lesions Produced by Alcohol and Sucrose in the Heart and Liver of C57BL Mice

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 208-209
Author(s):  
K.K. SEKHRI ◽  
C.S. ALEXANDER ◽  
H.T. NAGASAWA
Keyword(s):  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Alcohol Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
C57bl Mice ◽  
Group Ii

C57BL male mice (Jackson Lab., Bar Harbor, Maine) weighing about 18 gms were randomly divided into three groups: group I was fed sweetened liquid alcohol diet (modified Schenkl) in which 36% of the calories were derived from alcohol; group II was maintained on a similar diet but alcohol was isocalorically substituted by sucrose; group III was fed regular mouse chow ad lib for five months. Liver and heart tissues were fixed in 2.5% cacodylate buffered glutaraldehyde, post-fixed in 2% osmium tetroxide and embedded in Epon-araldite.

Heterogeneity and Immunochemical Properties of Anti-β2-glycoprotein I Autoantibodies

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (09) ◽  
pp. 393-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Regnault ◽  
E. Hachulla ◽  
L. Darnige ◽  
B. Roussel ◽  
J. C. Bensa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Anticardiolipin Antibodies ◽  
Dual Reactivity ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Epitope Specificity ◽  
Glycoprotein I ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Sufficient Concentration

SummaryMost anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are directed against epitopes expressed on β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI). Despite a good correlation between standard ACA assays and those using purified human β2GPI as the sole antigen, some sera from APS patients only react in the latter. This is indicative of heterogeneity in anti-β2GPI antibodies. To characterize their reactivity profiles, human and bovine β2GPI were immobilized on γ-irradiated plates (β2GPI-ELISA), plain polystyrene precoated with increasing cardiolipin concentrations (CL/β2GPI-ELISA), and affinity columns. Fluid-phase inhibition experiments were also carried out with both proteins. Of 56 selected sera, restricted recognition of bovine or human β2GPI occurred respectively in 10/29 IgA-positive and 9/22 IgM-positive samples, and most of the latter (8/9) were missed by the standard ACA assay, as expected from a previous study. Based on species specificity and ACA results, IgG-positive samples (53/56) were categorized into three groups: antibodies reactive to bovine β2GPI only (group I) or to bovine and human β2GPI, group II being ACA-negative, and group III being ACA-positive. The most important group, group III (n = 33) was characterized by (i) binding when β2GPI was immobilized on γ-irradiated polystyrene or cardiolipin at sufficient concentration (regardless of β2GPI density, as assessed using 125I-β2GPI); (ii) and low avidity binding to fluid-phase β2GPI (Kd in the range 10–5 M). In contrast, all six group II samples showed (i) ability to bind human and bovine β2GPI immobilized on non-irradiated plates; (ii) concentration-dependent blockade of binding by cardiolipin, suggesting epitope location in the vicinity of the phospholipid binding site on native β2GPI; (iii) and relative avidities approximately 100-fold higher than in group III. Group I patients were heterogeneous with respect to CL/β2GPI-ELISA and ACA results (6/14 scored negative), possibly reflecting antibody differences in terms of avidity and epitope specificity. Affinity fractionation of 23 sera showed the existence, in individual patients, of various combinations of antibody subsets solely reactive to human or bovine β2GPI, together with cross-species reactive subsets present in all samples with dual reactivity namely groups III and II, although the latter antibodies were poorly purified on either column. Therefore, the mode of presentation of β2GPI greatly influences its recognition by anti-β2GPI antibodies with marked inter-individual heterogeneity, in relation to ACA quantitation and, possibly, disease presentation and pathogenesis.

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