scholarly journals Ghrelin Response to Acute and Chronic Exercise: Insights and Implications from a Systematic Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nejmeddine Ouerghi ◽  
Moncef Feki ◽  
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi ◽  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
Lee Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acyl Ghrelin ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Ghrelin is a peptide hormone predominantly produced by the stomach. It exerts a wide range of functions including stimulating growth hormone release and regulating appetite, food intake, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Since physical exercise affects all these aspects, a particular interest is accorded to the relationship between ghrelin and exercise. This systematic review aimed to summarize the current available data on the topic for a better understanding of the relationship. Methods An extensive computerized search was performed in the PubMed and SPORTDiscus databases for retrieving relevant articles. The search contained the following keywords: ghrelin, appetite-related peptides, gastrointestinal peptides, gastrointestinal hormones, exercise, acute exercise, chronic exercise, training, and physical activity. Studies investigating the effects of acute/chronic exercise on circulating forms of ghrelin were included. Results The initial search identified 840 articles. After screening, 80 articles were included. Despite a heterogeneity of studies and a variability of the findings, the review suggests that acute exercise suppresses acyl ghrelin production regardless of the participants and the exercise characteristics. Long- and very long-term exercise training programs mostly resulted in increased total and des-acyl ghrelin production. The increase is more noticeable in overweight/obese individuals, and is most likely due to weight loss resulting from the training program. Conclusion The review suggests that exercise may impact ghrelin production. While the precise mechanisms are unclear, the effects are likely due to blood flow redistribution and weight loss for acute and chronic exercise, respectively. These changes are expected to be metabolically beneficial. Further research is needed for a better understanding of the relationship between ghrelin and exercise.

Glucose responses to acute and chronic exercise during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (21) ◽  
pp. 1357-1366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margie H Davenport ◽  
Frances Sobierajski ◽  
Michelle F Mottola ◽  
Rachel J Skow ◽  
Victoria L Meah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycaemic Control ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Prenatal Exercise ◽  
Frequency Intensity

ObjectiveTo perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the relationship between prenatal exercise and glycaemic control.DesignSystematic review with random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression.Data sourcesOnline databases were searched up to 6 January 2017.Study eligibility criteriaStudies of all designs were included (except case studies and reviews) if they were published in English, Spanish or French, and contained information on the population (pregnant women without contraindication to exercise), intervention (subjective or objective measures of frequency, intensity, duration, volume or type of acute or chronic exercise, alone (‘exercise-only’) or in combination with other intervention components (eg, dietary; ‘exercise+cointervention’) at any stage of pregnancy), comparator (no exercise or different frequency, intensity, duration, volume and type of exercise) and outcome (glycaemic control).ResultsA total of 58 studies (n=8699) were included. There was ‘very low’ quality evidence showing that an acute bout of exercise was associated with a decrease in maternal blood glucose from before to during exercise (6 studies, n=123; mean difference (MD) −0.94 mmol/L, 95% CI −1.18 to −0.70, I2=41%) and following exercise (n=333; MD −0.57 mmol/L, 95% CI −0.72 to −0.41, I2=72%). Subgroup analysis showed that there were larger decreases in blood glucose following acute exercise in women with diabetes (n=26; MD −1.42, 95% CI −1.69 to −1.16, I2=8%) compared with those without diabetes (n=285; MD −0.46, 95% CI −0.60 to −0.32, I2=62%). Finally, chronic exercise-only interventions reduced fasting blood glucose compared with no exercise postintervention in women with diabetes (2 studies, n=70; MD −2.76, 95% CI −3.18 to −2.34, I2=52%; ‘low’ quality of evidence), but not in those without diabetes (9 studies, n=2174; MD −0.05, 95% CI −0.16 to 0.05, I2=79%).ConclusionAcute and chronic prenatal exercise reduced maternal circulating blood glucose concentrations, with a larger effect in women with diabetes.

Prenatal exercise and cardiovascular health (PEACH) study: impact of acute and chronic exercise on cerebrovascular hemodynamics and dynamic cerebral autoregulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel J. Skow ◽  
Lawrence Labrecque ◽  
Jade A. Rosenberger ◽  
Patrice Brassard ◽  
Craig D. Steinback ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Cerebral Autoregulation ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation

We performed a randomised controlled trial measuring dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) using a sit-to-stand maneuver before (SS1) and following (SS2) an acute exercise test at 16-20 weeks gestation (trimester 2; TM2) and then again at 34-37 weeks gestation (third trimester; TM3). Following the first assessment, women were randomised into exercise training or control (standard care) groups; women in the exercise training group were prescribed moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 25-40 minutes on 3-4 days per week for 14±1weeks. Resting seated mean blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCAvmean) was lower in TM3 compared to TM2 but not impacted by exercise training intervention. dCA was not impacted by gestational age, or exercise training during SS1. During SS2, dCA was altered such that there were greater absolute and relative decreases in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and MCAvmean, but this was not impacted by the intervention. There was also no difference in the relationship between the decrease in MCAvmean compared to the decrease in MAP (%/%), or the onset of the regulatory response with respect to acute exercise, gestational age, or intervention; however, rate of regulation was faster in women in the exercise group following acute exercise (interaction effect, p=0.048). These data highlight the resilience of the cerebral circulation in that dCA was well maintained or improved in healthy pregnant women between TM2 and TM3. However, future work addressing the impact of acute and chronic exercise on dCA in women who are at risk for cardiovascular complications during pregnancy is needed.

Effects of Exercise Training on Weight Loss in Patients Who Have Undergone Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 3371-3384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Carretero-Ruiz ◽  
María del Carmen Olvera-Porcel ◽  
Iván Cavero-Redondo ◽  
Celia Álvarez-Bueno ◽  
Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Controlled Trials

Is the anti-inflammatory effect of regular exercise responsible for reduced cardiovascular disease?

2007 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 543-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Wilund
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Circulating Levels ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Engaging in regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing CVD (cardiovascular disease), but it is not certain to what degree this may be due to the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. Following acute exercise, there is a transient increase in circulating levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, whereas chronic exercise reduces basal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Exercise training also induces the expression of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mediators in the vascular wall that may directly inhibit the development of atherosclerosis. Limited studies in humans and more comprehensive assessments in animal models have confirmed that exercise is atheroprotective and helped identify a number of the mechanisms to explain these effects. This review explores the relationship between systemic and vascular wall inflammation and the role that the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise have on the development and progression of CVD.

The effects of exercise training on plasma volume variations: A systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassane Zouhal ◽  
Fatma Rhibi ◽  
Amal Salhi ◽  
Ayyappan Jayavel ◽  
Anthony C Hackney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Status ◽  
High Intensity Interval

The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence on the acute and long-term effects of exercise training on PV, in both trained and untrained individuals and to examine associations between changes in %PVV and change in physical/physiological performance. Despite the status of participants and the exercise duration or intensity, all the acute studies reported a significant decrease of PV (effect size: 0.85<d<3.45, very large), and ranged between 7% and 19.9%. In untrained individuals, most of studies reported a significant increase of PV in response to different kind of training including endurance training and high intensity interval training (effect size: 0.19<d<3.52, small to very large), and ranged from 6.6% to 16%. However, in trained individuals the results are equivocal. We showed that acute exercise appears to induce a significant decrease of PV in both healthy untrained and trained individuals in response to several exercise modalities. Moreover, there is evidence that long-term exercise training induced a significant increase of PV in healthy untrained individuals. However, it seems that there is no consensus concerning the effect of long-term exercise training on PV in trained individuals.

scholarly journals Circulating microRNAs in acute and chronic exercise: more than mere biomarkers

2017 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 702-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan M. Sapp ◽  
Daniel D. Shill ◽  
Stephen M. Roth ◽  
James M. Hagberg
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Circulating Micrornas ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Fitness And Health

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding RNAs that influence biological processes by regulating gene expression after transcription. It was recently discovered that miRNAs are released into the circulation (ci-miRNAs) where they are highly stable and can act as intercellular messengers to affect physiological processes. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the studies to date that have investigated the effects of acute exercise and exercise training on ci-miRNAs in humans. Findings indicate that specific ci-miRNAs are altered in response to different protocols of acute and chronic exercise in both healthy and diseased populations. In some cases, altered ci-miRNAs correlate with fitness and health parameters, suggesting causal mechanisms by which ci-miRNAs may facilitate adaptations to exercise training. However, strong data supporting such mechanisms are lacking. Thus, a purpose of this review is to guide future studies by discussing current and novel proposed roles for ci-miRNAs in adaptations to exercise training. In addition, substantial, fundamental gaps in the field need to be addressed. The ultimate goal of this research is that an understanding of the roles of ci-miRNAs in physiological adaptations to exercise training will one day translate to therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals The relationship between creativity and mental illness: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayebeh Ourtani
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Large Body ◽  
British Library ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The association between creativity and mental disorders has been a subject of long-standing debate. And it is one of the most controversial issues in the field of creativity and psychopathology research. Despite the fact that engaging in creative activities has a wide range of benefits for mental health the concept of creativity/ mental illness has been widespread. On the one hand, a large body of anecdotal and empirical supports this association (e.g.Simonton, 2010; Andreasen, 2008; Johnson et al., 2012). On the other hand, some scholars argued that the creativity/ psychopathology connection is a traditional legend, and the empirical research in this area has many shortcomings, especially in terms of methodology (e.g. Sawyer, 2012; Schlesinger, 2009).This study conducted a systematic review to investigate the link between creativity and mental illness. Various electronic databases were used to find selected studies: including, Google Scholar, PubMed (Medline), Science Direct, and PMC (NCBI). Also, British Library, Core, and EThOS were applied to search for grey literature. In this paper, 24 studies have been reviewed that they are involved 6,525,664 participations. 21 reviewed studies provided some indications to support a positive link between creativity and psychopathology. 1 study proposed a negative link, and two studies suggested that there is no relationship. Altogether, the results displayed that there is a significant positive correlation between creativity and sub-clinical mental disorders. According to this study, not only creativity was introduced as a by-product of certain sub-clinical mental disorders (e.g., bipolar disorder, schizotypy) but it also identified as a treatment for some severe mental disorders (e.g., depression and addiction).

scholarly journals Dietary Patterns and Gestational Weight Gain and Postpartum Weight Loss: A NESR Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 803-803
Author(s):  
Ramkripa Raghavan ◽  
Sharon M Donovan ◽  
Kathryn Dewey ◽  
Rachel Novotny ◽  
Jamie Stang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Postpartum Weight ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objectives To inform the 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, USDA and HHS identified important public health questions to be examined by the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. The Committee conducted 2 systematic reviews with support from USDA's Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review (NESR) team to answer the following questions: What is the relationship between dietary patterns (DP) consumed during 1) pregnancy and gestational weight gain (GWG)?, and 2) lactation and postpartum weight loss (PPWL)? Methods The Committee developed protocols that described how they would use NESR's systematic review methodology to examine the systematic review questions. NESR conducted a literature search and dual-screened the results using pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify articles published between Jan 2000 and Nov 2019. NESR extracted data and assessed risk of bias of included studies. The Committee synthesized the evidence, developed conclusion statements, and graded the strength of the evidence underlying the conclusion statements. Results Twenty-six articles were included in the GWG review and 1 article in the PPWL review. The GWG review included 5 RCTs and 21 prospective cohort studies. Two RCTs showed that a “beneficial” DP was associated with lower GWG. Thirteen of the 20 observational studies showed an association between DP and GWG. Although the DPs examined were characterized by different combinations of foods and beverages, the patterns consistently associated with lower GWG were higher in vegetables, fruits, nuts, legumes, and fish and lower in added sugars and red and processed meats. The PPWL review included only one RCT, which was limited by high attrition, issues with implementing the intervention, and lack of blinding. Conclusions Limited evidence suggests that certain DPs during pregnancy are associated with a lower risk of excessive GWG. These patterns are higher in vegetables, fruits, nuts, legumes, and fish, and lower in added sugar, and red and processed meat (Grade: Limited). Insufficient evidence is available to determine the relationship between DPs during lactation and PPWL (Grade: Grade Not Assignable). Funding Sources USDA, Food and Nutrition Service, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion.

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