scholarly journals Socio-cognitive biases in folk AI ethics and risk discourse

AI and Ethics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Laakasuo ◽  
Volo Herzon ◽  
Silva Perander ◽  
Marianna Drosinou ◽  
Jukka Sundvall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Intuitive Thinking ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Risk Discourse ◽  
Full Swing ◽  
Central Claim ◽  
Ethics And Politics

AbstractThe ongoing conversation on AI ethics and politics is in full swing and has spread to the general public. Rather than contributing by engaging with the issues and views discussed, we want to step back and comment on the widening conversation itself. We consider evolved human cognitive tendencies and biases, and how they frame and hinder the conversation on AI ethics. Primarily, we describe our innate human capacities known as folk theories and how we apply them to phenomena of different implicit categories. Through examples and empirical findings, we show that such tendencies specifically affect the key issues discussed in AI ethics. The central claim is that much of our mostly opaque intuitive thinking has not evolved to match the nature of AI, and this causes problems in democratizing AI ethics and politics. Developing awareness of how our intuitive thinking affects our more explicit views will add to the quality of the conversation.

How can we ensure the success of specialised palliative home-care? A qualitative study (ELSAH) identifying key issues from the perspective of patients, relatives and health professionals

2021 ◽  
pp. 026921632110265
Author(s):  
Hannah Seipp ◽  
Jörg Haasenritter ◽  
Michaela Hach ◽  
Dorothée Becker ◽  
Lisa-R Ulrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Home Care ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Death And Dying ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Palliative Home Care ◽  
Palliative Care Teams ◽  
Key Issues

Background: Specialised palliative home-care supports patients with life-limiting diseases in their familiar surroundings. The number of palliative care teams and patients being cared for is increasing worldwide. To assess and improve quality, it is needed to understand, how specialised palliative home-care can be provided successfully. For this purpose we examined the views of all involved stakeholders. Aim: To identify the issues that patients, their relatives and involved health professionals view as important in ensuring the success of specialised palliative home-care. Design: We used a qualitative design based on participant observations, interviews and focus groups following the principles of a Grounded Theory approach. Setting/participants: All specialised palliative home-care teams ( n = 22) caring for adults in Hesse, Germany, participated. We conducted participant observations ( n = 5), and interviewed patients ( n = 14), relatives ( n = 14) and health professionals working in or collaborating with specialised palliative home-care ( n = 30). We also conducted focus groups ( n = 4) with health professionals including a member check. Results: Successful specialised palliative home-care needs to treat complex symptoms, and provide comprehensive care including organisation of care, involving relatives and addressing issues of death and dying. Sense of security for patients and relatives is key to enable care at home. Care delivery preferences include a focus on the quality of relationships, respect for individuality and the facilitation of self-determination. Conclusions: Consideration of the identified key issues can help to ensure successful specialised palliative home-care. Knowledge of these should also be considered when researching and assessing quality of care. Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register DRKS-ID: DRKS00012421; http://www.germanctr.de .

scholarly journals Locked Out

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
VERONICA JOHANSSON ◽  
SURJO R. SOEKADAR ◽  
JENS CLAUSEN
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Social Barriers ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Key Issues

Abstract:Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) can enable communication for persons in severe paralysis including locked-in syndrome (LIS); that is, being unable to move or speak while aware. In cases of complete loss of muscle control, termed “complete locked-in syndrome,” a BCI may be the only viable solution to restore communication. However, a widespread ignorance regarding quality of life in LIS, current BCIs, and their potential as an assistive technology for persons in LIS, needlessly causes a harmful situation for this cohort. In addition to their medical condition, these persons also face social barriers often perceived as more impairing than their physical condition. Through social exclusion, stigmatization, and frequently being underestimated in their abilities, these persons are being locked out in addition to being locked-in. In this article, we (1) show how persons in LIS are being locked out, including how key issues addressed in the existing literature on ethics, LIS, and BCIs for communication, such as autonomy, quality of life, and advance directives, may reinforce these confinements; (2) show how these practices violate the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and suggest that we have a moral responsibility to prevent and stop this exclusion; and (3) discuss the role of BCIs for communication as one means to this end and suggest that a novel approach to BCI research is necessary to acknowledge the moral responsibility toward the end users and avoid violating the human rights of persons in LIS.

A Survey of the Present State of Friction Modelling in the Analytical and Numerical Investigation of Brake Noise Generation

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Wallaschek ◽  
Karl-Heinz Hach ◽  
Ulrich Stolz ◽  
Parimal Mody
Keyword(s):  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Noise Generation ◽  
Noise And Vibration ◽  
Levels Of Detail ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Brake Noise ◽  
Automotive Brake

Abstract Noise and vibration have become key issues in the design of automotive braking systems. Efforts to improve present day braking systems must take noise and vibration behaviour into account. Good knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the generation of brake noise has thus become an important competitive factor in the design of automotive brake systems. The present paper summarizes some facts and hypotheses concerning the generation of brake noise. First the different brake noise phenomena are classified. Then several approaches, including models of various levels of detail which have been suggested to explain the root causes of brake noise generation are discussed in detail. It will be pointed out that friction and wear processes at the interface of brake pad and rotor play an important role in the understanding of brake noise generation. Unfortunately, our present day knowledge on these processes is quite limited. Further research of basic processes is still needed to improve the quality of analytical and numerical models of friction and wear processes, before reliable predictions of brake noise generation become possible. Based on a discussion of simple models frequently used in engineering practice, guidelines for further research in tribological modelling of the interface processes in pad/rotor interaction will be formulated.

PERANCANGAN ARSITEKTUR RUANG LIMINAL ANTARA SEBUAH DUALISME (BERTANI DAN MELAUT)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1087
Author(s):  
Michael Gideon Josian ◽  
Maria Veronica Gandha
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Common Space ◽  
Special Character ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Letting Go

The future of dwelling has a very board context and will continue to be discussed, it is possible that the discussions about “dwelling” is come from the environment of farming and fishing. Things that are not much cared for but still have a role in the survival of the world. Therefore this matter will be discussed using the role of architecture as space, to be able to create an ideal system by paying attention to the quality of farming and fishing for the future, and leaving a trace or memory to be able to carry messages for the future. Talking about the future of an interaction that occurs between the general public and farmers and fishermen, especially considering that farmers and fishermen themselves can be compared to two different poles, a liminal space is needed, which may already exist indirectly in the environment. By letting go of individual egos and emphasizing ego to the point of view of farmers and fishermen. To present a common space, or a place that contains a special character of a city that contains a message for the future. Keywords:  dualism; hope; liminal; trace;  Abstrak Masa depan cara berhuni memiliki konteks yang sangat luas dan akan terus diperbincangkan. Tidak menutup kemungkinan datang dari pembahasan mengenai cara berhuni dengan bertani dan melaut. Hal yang tidak banyak dipedulikan tetapi tetap memiliki peran dalam kelangsungan dunia. Oleh karena itu, masa depan berhuni ini akan dibahas dengan menggunakan peran arsitektur sebagai ruang, untuk dapat menciptakan sistem yang ideal dengan memperhatikan kualitas bertani dan melaut bagi masa depan, dan meninggalkan sebuah jejak atau kenangan untuk dapat membawa pesan bagi masa depan. Berbicara mengenai masa depan dari sebuah interaksi yang terjadi antara masyarakat umum dengan para petani dan nelayan, apalagi mengingat para petani dan nelayan itu sendiri dapat diibaratkan berada pada kedua kutub yang berbeda, maka dibutuhkanlah sebuah ruang liminal, yang mungkin sudah hadir secara tidak langsung pada lingkungan masyarakat. Dengan cara melepaskan ego individual dan menekankan ego kepada sudut pandang para petani dan nelayan. Untuk menghadirkan sebuah ruang bersama, atau sebuah tempat yang mengandung sebuah karakter tersendiri dari sebuah kota yang berisi pesan bagi masa depan.

Are Jobs and the Quality of the Environment Mutually Exclusive?

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 781-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Izraeli ◽  
L Mobley
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Theory ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
General Public ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Trade Off

In this paper it is shown that there is no support in economic theory for the suggested trade-off between jobs and the environment. Moreover, improved environmental quality may accelerate economic growth via improved health and productivity of workers, lower maintenance costs, and enhanced productivity of capital inputs. Also, empirical evidence is presented on the preference of the general public regarding environmental quality. The empirical evidence indicates that people are ready to trade part of their income for improved environmental quality.

scholarly journals What do stakeholders consider the key issues affecting the quality of foodservice provision for long-stay patients?

2006 ◽  
Vol 17 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 212-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Walton ◽  
Peter Williams ◽  
Linda Tapsell
Keyword(s):  
Key Issues

A New Partitioning Method Based on AOI Model Matching in CVE Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 241-244 ◽  
pp. 3116-3120
Author(s):  
Xiao Mei Hu ◽  
Biao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Model Matching ◽  
Collaborative Virtual Environment ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Partitioning Problem ◽  
Server Architecture

Collaborative Virtual Environment (CVE) system supports a large number of users to explore a virtual world and interact with each other through networks, so one of the key issues in the design of scalable CVE systems is the partitioning problem. Existing partitioning algorithms in CVE systems based on multiple-server architecture, in our opinion, hardly consider the communication character of virtual environment. In this paper, we propose a new partitioning method based on area of interest (AOI) model matching to improve the quality of partitioning. The experimental results show preliminarily that our partitioning approach based on AOI model matching does decrease the traffic among the servers in the system and improve the partitioning performance.

scholarly journals ¿Qué es ser profesional docente?

10.14201/2812 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Sarramona López ◽  
Juana Noguera Arrom ◽  
Julio Vera Vila
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Quality Of Teaching ◽  
Professional Quality ◽  
Recent Debate ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Points Of View

RESUMEN: En este trabajo se pretende repensar algunos puntos claves del debate reciente sobre la profesionalización docente, analizando en concreto las tres cuestiones siguientes: ¿Qué es una profesión? ¿Cuáles son los rasgos diferenciales de la misma? ¿En qué medida podemos afirmar que el profesorado cumple los requisitos convencionales de las profesiones? Aunque hay un acuerdo generalizado acerca de la necesidad de mejorar el status profesional de la enseñanza, no hay coincidencia en la forma de conseguirlo. Para entender las diferentes posiciones, se analizan, además, los conceptos de profesionalismo y profesionalización, y se destaca la importancia de la formación como un proceso de desarrollo personal y profesional. Por último se tratan aspectos relacionados con la salud laboral y las enfermedades profesionales.ABSTRACT: This article proposes to rethink some of the key issues of the recent debate about the teaching profession, through the analysis of three specific aspects: What is a profession? What are its distinctive features? To what extent can we say that teachers are satisfying the demands of the profession? Although there is a general agreement about the need to improve the professional quality of teaching, there doesn't seen to be a way to achieve it. In order to understand the different points of view, there will also be an analysis of the notions of professionalism and professionalization, with an emphasis on the importance of formation as professional and personal development process. To conclude, the issues of laboral health and professional illnesses will be dealt with.

scholarly journals A Work on Quality of Work Life

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S8) ◽  
pp. 339-342
Keyword(s):  
Information Society ◽  
General Public ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Quality Of Work Life ◽  
Quality Of Work ◽  
Learning Economy

The present period is a time of learning laborers and the general public where in we are living has come, to be known as information society. The scholarly interests have outweighed the physical endeavors. Some information laborers work for over 60 hours every week. Subsequently, their own diversions and interests conflict with their work. Life is a pack that contains every one of the strands together and henceforth the need to offset work existence with other related issues.' One must have both love and work in one's life to make it solid. Gone are the days when the need of workers used to be for physical and material needs. With the expanding movement of the economy towards learning economy, the significance and nature of work life has experienced an exceptional change.

scholarly journals Students’ Intuitive and Analytical Thinking in the Mathematics Study through the Integration of STAD and Environmental Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Abdillah Abdillah ◽  
Ajeng Gelora Mastuti ◽  
Muhammad Rijal ◽  
Muhajir Abd. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
Intuitive Thinking ◽  
Analytical Thinking ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
Interest And Motivation

The success of a learning process depends on the teacher’s mastery of materials, strategies, and media. Teachers need to possess high creativity to maintain their students’ interest and motivation in learning. The integration of effective learning models and appropriate media, such as using plastic waste as realia, can be one of the alternatives to improve the quality of learning. This study also aimed to examine students' awareness of environmental issues. The quantitative and qualitative data of the study were collected simultaneously to answer the research problems. Interviews were conducted during the implementation of the learning process and quizzes. A pre-experimental one-shot case study design was employed to gather the quantitative data which were then analyzed descriptively. The results of the current study showed that the students' intuitive thinking started to develop in phase 3, where they were asked to identify the type of plastic glass they were holding. Phase 4 that allowed the students to separate parts constructing the glass, determine the name of each part, and set a point of view or the purpose underlying the material presented was the phase where the students performed an analytical thinking process. In phase 5, the students were allowed to solve a mathematical problem using analytical thinking. The interaction between students' intuitive and analytical thinking shown in the identification and labeling of each type of three-dimensional form will be discussed in this article  

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