Attentional Biases for Betel Nut Cues

2016 ◽  
pp. 803-812
Author(s):  
Ming-Chou Ho ◽  
Bin Shen ◽  
Meng-Chun Chiu ◽  
Ling-Jun Liu ◽  
Ren-Hau Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Betel Nut

Attentional biases for betel nut cues in heavy and light chewers.

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1044-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Chou Ho ◽  
Catherine Fountain Chang ◽  
Ren-Hau Li ◽  
Tze-Chun Tang
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Betel Nut

Visual disgust-elicitors produce an attentional blink independent of contextual and trait-level pathogen avoidance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Perone ◽  
David Vaughn Becker ◽  
Joshua M. Tybur
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Attentional Blink ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Pathogen Avoidance

Multiple studies report that disgust-eliciting stimuli are perceived as salient and subsequently capture selective attention. In the current study, we aimed to better understand the nature of temporal attentional biases toward disgust-eliciting stimuli and to investigate the extent to which these biases are sensitive to contextual and trait-level pathogen avoidance motives. Participants (N=116) performed in an Emotional Attentional Blink (EAB) task in which task-irrelevant disgust-eliciting, fear-eliciting, or neutral images preceded a target by 200, 500, or 800 milliseconds (i.e., lag two, five and eight respectively). They did so twice - once while not exposed to an odor, and once while exposed to either an odor that elicited disgust or an odor that did not - and completed a measure of disgust sensitivity. Results indicate that disgust-eliciting visual stimuli produced a greater attentional blink than neutral visual stimuli at lag two and a greater attentional blink than fear-eliciting visual stimuli at both lag two and at lag five. Neither the odor manipulations nor individual differences measures moderated this effect. We propose that visual attention is engaged for a longer period of time following disgust-eliciting stimuli because covert processes automatically initiate the evaluation of pathogen threats. The fact that state and trait pathogen avoidance do not influence this temporal attentional bias suggests that early attentional processing of pathogen cues is initiated independent from the context in which such cues are perceived.

Dispositional negativity, cognition, and anxiety disorders: An integrative translational neuroscience framework

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juyoen Hur ◽  
Melissa D. Stockbridge ◽  
Andrew S. Fox ◽  
Alexander J. Shackman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Translational Neuroscience ◽  
Adult Personality ◽  
Fundamental Dimension ◽  
To Come ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

When extreme, anxiety can become debilitating. Anxiety disorders, which often first emerge early in development, are common and challenging to treat, yet the underlying mechanisms have only recently begun to come into focus. Here, we review new insights into the nature and biological bases of dispositional negativity, a fundamental dimension of childhood temperament and adult personality and a prominent risk factor for the development of pediatric and adult anxiety disorders. Converging lines of epidemiological, neurobiological, and mechanistic evidence suggest that dispositional negativity increases the likelihood of psychopathology via specific neurocognitive mechanisms, including attentional biases to threat and deficits in executive control. Collectively, these observations provide an integrative translational framework for understanding the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders in adults and youth and set the stage for developing improved intervention strategies.

scholarly journals A Positive Relationship between Betel Nut Chewing and Significant Liver Fibrosis in NAFLD Subjects, but Not in Non-NAFLD Ones

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 914
Author(s):  
Yu-Tsung Chou ◽  
Chung-Hao Li ◽  
Zih-Jie Sun ◽  
Wei-Chen Shen ◽  
Yi-Ching Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Betel Nut ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Betel Nut Chewing ◽  
Significant Liver Fibrosis

Background: Betel nut chewing is associated with oral cancer, cardiovascular disease, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to explore the association of betel nut chewing with liver fibrosis in subjects with and without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Method: A total of 5967 subjects were enrolled. NAFLD was diagnosed with ultrasonography. Betel nut chewing was classified into non-chewing, ex-chewing, and current chewing, and cumulative dosages were calculated. The aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/platelet ratio index and NAFLD fibrosis scores (NFS) were calculated for evaluation of liver fibrosis. Results: NAFLD increased the associated risk of liver fibrosis in those with (odds ratio (OR): 5.51, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.09–9.80) and without betel nut chewing (OR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.64–3.29). In subjects without NAFLD, betel nut chewing was not associated with liver fibrosis (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.44–2.86). In subjects with NAFLD, cumulative betel nut chewing and ex- and current chewing were positively associated with NFS and significant liver fibrosis. Conclusions: In subjects with NAFLD, betel nut chewing, even ex-chewing, was associated with a higher risk of liver fibrosis, where higher cumulative levels were found to increase the risk of significant liver fibrosis. However, the associated risk of liver fibrosis due to betel nut chewing was insignificant in subjects without NAFLD.

scholarly journals Challenges in Management of Tracheobronchial Foreign Bodies with Delayed Presentation: An Institutional Experience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darwin Kaushal ◽  
Amit Goyal ◽  
Kapil Soni ◽  
Bikram Choudhury ◽  
Nithin Prakasan Nair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Body ◽  
Foreign Bodies ◽  
Preoperative Planning ◽  
Rigid Bronchoscopy ◽  
Delayed Presentation ◽  
Betel Nut ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Tracheobronchial Foreign Body ◽  
Institutional Experience ◽  
Definitive Management

Abstract Introduction Airway foreign bodies are emergencies involving multidisciplinary departments like Pediatrics, Aneasthesiology and Otorhinolaryngology. It is always a challenge to diagnose and manage patients who present late to our emergencies. Objective In the present study, we aim to analyze the various challenges faced during the management of tracheobronchial foreign bodies with delayed presentation. Methods A retrospective hospital record-based analysis of patients who presented to us with tracheobronchial foreign bodies from January 2017 to February 2020 was performed. All patients until the age of 16 years old were included in the present study. We assessed the demographics, preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative data of the patients. Results Seventeen patients were analyzed in the study. Among these, 44.4% of the patients had delayed presentation (> 1 month). The majority of the patients had an organic foreign body (Supari or betel nut). All patients underwent rigid bronchoscopy, followed by optical forceps-assisted removal of the foreign body. A total of 82% of the patients had granulations around the foreign body. Conclusion Management of delayed presentation tracheobronchial foreign body is a big challenge for Otorhinolaryngologists. The key factors for preventing complications in the definitive management of tracheobronchial foreign bodies are preoperative planning, multi-discipline teamwork, surgeon expertise and technique.

scholarly journals Newborns’ sensitivity to speed changes as a building block for animacy perception

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Di Giorgio ◽  
Marco Lunghi ◽  
Giorgio Vallortigara ◽  
Francesca Simion
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Visual Preference ◽  
Reverse Sequence ◽  
Motion Speed ◽  
Speed Change ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe human visual system can discriminate between animate beings vs. inanimate objects on the basis of some kinematic cues, such as starting from rest and speed changes by self-propulsion. The ontogenetic origin of such capability is still under debate. Here we investigate for the first time whether newborns manifest an attentional bias toward objects that abruptly change their speed along a trajectory as contrasted with objects that move at a constant speed. To this end, we systematically manipulated the motion speed of two objects. An object that moves with a constant speed was contrasted with an object that suddenly increases (Experiment 1) or with one that suddenly decreases its speed (Experiment 2). When presented with a single speed change, newborns did not show any visual preference. However, newborns preferred an object that abruptly increases and then decreases its speed (Experiment 3), but they did not show any visual preference for the reverse sequence pattern (Experiment 4). Overall, results are discussed in line with the hypothesis of the existence of attentional biases in newborns that trigger their attention towards some visual cues of motion that characterized animate perception in adults.

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