Extracellular matrix background material: Building blocks, general structure, mechanics, relation to cells, and evolutionary aspects

2022 ◽  
pp. 9-27
Author(s):  
Béla Suki
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Background Material ◽  
Evolutionary Aspects

scholarly journals Pattern Classification Approaches for Breast Cancer Identification via MRI: State-Of-The-Art and Vision for the Future

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7201
Author(s):  
Xiao-Xia Yin ◽  
Lihua Yin ◽  
Sillas Hadjiloucas
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Information Fusion ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Image Feature ◽  
Generative Adversarial Networks ◽  
Dce Mri ◽  
Computer Aided

Mining algorithms for Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DCE-MRI) of breast tissue are discussed. The algorithms are based on recent advances in multi-dimensional signal processing and aim to advance current state-of-the-art computer-aided detection and analysis of breast tumours when these are observed at various states of development. The topics discussed include image feature extraction, information fusion using radiomics, multi-parametric computer-aided classification and diagnosis using information fusion of tensorial datasets as well as Clifford algebra based classification approaches and convolutional neural network deep learning methodologies. The discussion also extends to semi-supervised deep learning and self-supervised strategies as well as generative adversarial networks and algorithms using generated confrontational learning approaches. In order to address the problem of weakly labelled tumour images, generative adversarial deep learning strategies are considered for the classification of different tumour types. The proposed data fusion approaches provide a novel Artificial Intelligence (AI) based framework for more robust image registration that can potentially advance the early identification of heterogeneous tumour types, even when the associated imaged organs are registered as separate entities embedded in more complex geometric spaces. Finally, the general structure of a high-dimensional medical imaging analysis platform that is based on multi-task detection and learning is proposed as a way forward. The proposed algorithm makes use of novel loss functions that form the building blocks for a generated confrontation learning methodology that can be used for tensorial DCE-MRI. Since some of the approaches discussed are also based on time-lapse imaging, conclusions on the rate of proliferation of the disease can be made possible. The proposed framework can potentially reduce the costs associated with the interpretation of medical images by providing automated, faster and more consistent diagnosis.

Controlling the orientation of a cell-synthesized extracellular matrix by using engineered gelatin-based building blocks

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 2084-2091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio A. Pennacchio ◽  
Costantino Casale ◽  
Francesco Urciuolo ◽  
Giorgia Imparato ◽  
Raffaele Vecchione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
Human Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
A Cell

Surface micropatterned gelatin building blocks clearly increment the alignment degree of collagen-based microtissues synthesized by human dermal fibroblasts.

Chemically modified glycosaminoglycan derivatives as building blocks for biomaterial coatings and hydrogels

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Schnabelrauch ◽  
Jürgen Schiller ◽  
Stephanie Möller ◽  
Dieter Scharnweber ◽  
Vera Hintze
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Chemical Functionalization ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Functional Biomaterials

Abstract Tissue regeneration is regulated by the cellular microenvironment, e.g. the extracellular matrix. Here, sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG), are of vital importance interacting with mediator proteins and influencing their biological activity. Hence, they are promising candidates for controlling tissue regeneration. This review addresses recent achievements regarding chemically modified GAG as well as collagen/GAG-based coatings and hydrogels including (i) chemical functionalization strategies for native GAG, (ii) GAG-based biomaterial strategies for controlling cellular responses, (iii) (bio)chemical methods for characterization and iv) protein interaction profiles and attained tissue regeneration in vitro and in vivo. The potential of GAG for bioinspired, functional biomaterials is highlighted.

Fmoc-FF and hexapeptide-based multicomponent hydrogels as scaffold materials

Soft Matter ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Diaferia ◽  
Moumita Ghosh ◽  
Teresa Sibillano ◽  
Enrico Gallo ◽  
Mariano Stornaiuolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Short Peptides ◽  
Scaffold Materials

Short peptides or single amino acids are interesting building blocks for fabrication of hydrogels, frequently used as extracellular matrix-mimicking scaffolds for cell growth in tissue engineering.

scholarly journals Tissue Engineering in Traumatic Brain Injuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Tanios ◽  
Sarah Al-Halabi ◽  
Hiba Hasan ◽  
Samar Abdelhady ◽  
John Saliba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

If the brain is injured due to traumatic brain injury (TBI), it will lose some of its cells. If our brain cells get damaged, we may be left with problems controlling our movement, our speech, or even our memory! In the future, tissue engineering may be able to help people with TBI. Tissue engineering involves building a piece of tissue outside of the body or assisting the damaged part of a tissue to grow again and function inside the body. Cells are the building blocks of the body, and they are surrounded by a matrix that supports them. This matrix is called the extracellular matrix (ECM). Scientists can make artificial mimics of the natural ECM. The artificial ECM helps a damaged tissue to regenerate. In this article, we discuss how Gel-MA, an artificial ECM, can have healing properties in injured brains.

scholarly journals Polymeric Microspheres/Cells/Extracellular Matrix Constructs Produced by Auto-Assembly for Bone Modular Tissue Engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7897
Author(s):  
Bartosz Mielan ◽  
Daniela M. Sousa ◽  
Małgorzata Krok-Borkowicz ◽  
Pierre Eloy ◽  
Christine Dupont ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Osteogenic Differentiation ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Type I ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Modular Tissue Engineering

Modular tissue engineering (MTE) is a novel “bottom-up” approach to create engineered biological tissues from microscale repeating units. Our aim was to obtain microtissue constructs, based on polymer microspheres (MSs) populated with cells, which can be further assembled into larger tissue blocks and used in bone MTE. Poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) MS of 165 ± 47 µm in diameter were produced by oil-in-water emulsification and treated with 0.1 M NaOH. To improve cell adhesion, MSs were coated with poly-L-lysine (PLL) or human recombinant collagen type I (COL). The presence of oxygenated functionalities and PLL/COL coating on MS was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). To assess the influence of medium composition on adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation, preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured on MS in minimal essential medium (MEM) and osteogenic differentiation medium (OSG). Moreover, to assess the potential osteoblast–osteoclast cross-talk phenomenon and the influence of signaling molecules released by osteoclasts on osteoblast cell culture, a medium obtained from osteoclast culture (OSC) was also used. To impel the cells to adhere and grow on the MS, anti-adhesive cell culture plates were utilized. The results show that MS coated with PLL and COL significantly favor the adhesion and growth of MC3T3-E1 cells on days 1 and 7, respectively, in all experimental conditions tested. On day 7, three-dimensional MS/cell/extracellular matrix constructs were created owing to auto-assembly. The cells grown in such constructs exhibited high activity of early osteogenic differentiation marker, namely, alkaline phosphatase. Superior cell growth on PLL- and COL-coated MS on day 14 was observed in the OSG medium. Interestingly, deposition of extracellular matrix and its mineralization was particularly enhanced on COL-coated MS in OSG medium on day 14. In our study, we developed a method of spontaneous formation of organoid-like MS-based cell/ECM constructs with a few millimeters in size. Such constructs may be regarded as building blocks in bone MTE.

Building Blocks for Artificial Extracellular Matrices Based on Cross-Linkable Polysaccharide and Glycosaminglycan Sulfates

2016 ◽  
Vol 879 ◽  
pp. 1270-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Becher ◽  
Stephanie Moeller ◽  
Matthias Schnabelrauch
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Extracellular Matrices ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Living Tissue ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Synthesis Routes ◽  
Selected Functions

Natural sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play a crucial role as components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). They participate in the regulation of important cellular functions including cell growth, differentiation and signalling. The generation of artificial ECM mimicking selected functions of the native ECM is a promising approach to improve the biological acceptance of materials which are in direct contact to living tissue. In this context we developed synthesis routes for polysaccharide and GAG derivatives bearing both bioactive sulfate and reactive (meth) acrylate functions of different degrees of substitution within the sugar repeating unit. In addition, we studied the photochemically initiated cross-linking of these biopolymer derivatives to form biodegradable hydrogels usable as coatings for biomaterials or scaffolds in tissue engineering.

scholarly journals Polyglycerol-based hydrogels and nanogels: from synthesis to applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meena Kumari ◽  
Suchita Prasad ◽  
Ljiljana Fruk ◽  
Badri Parshad
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
High Water ◽  
Large Surface Area ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Porous Network ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Hydrogels and nanogels have emerged as promising materials for biomedical applications owing to their large surface area and tunable mechanical and chemical properties. Their large surface area is well suited for bioconjugation, whilst the interior porous network can be utilized for the transport of valuable biomolecules. The use of biocompatible hydrophilic building blocks/linkers for the preparation of hydrogels and nanogels not only avoids undesired side effects within the biological system, but also retains high water content, thereby creating an environment which is very similar to extracellular matrix. Their tunable multivalency and hydrophilicity and excellent biocompatibility, together with ease of functionalization, makes polyglycerol macromonomers well suited for synthesizing cross-linked networks that can be used as extracellular matrix mimics. Here we provide an overview of the synthesis of polyglycerol-based hydrogels and nanogels for various biomedical applications.

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