Nodular Goiter and Thyroid Cancer

Purpose: To investigate new possibilities of differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid goiter lesions by means of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (EDRFA). Material and methods: In the samples of thyroid tissue taken from people with intact thyroid gland (mostly died from trauma, n = 92), as well as in patients with nodular goiter (n = 79) and thyroid cancer (n = 40) bromine (Br), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), iodine (I), rubidium (Rb) and strontium (Sr) were investigated. To determine these elements, the methods of EDRPA have been developed using encapsulated sources with 109Cd and 241Am radionuclides for fluorescence excitation. Results: It is shown that the levels of the content of I, the ratios I / Cu and I / Rb, as well as the products of the ratios I / Cu ∙ (I / Rb) and (I / Br) ∙ (I / Cu) ∙ (I / Rb ) are highly informative markers of thyroid cancer. The accuracy of the developed methods and the reliability of the results obtained were confirmed by measurements of international certified comparison materials. Conclusion: The use of the proposed markers allows in vitro to differentiat thyroid cancer from benign nodes and normal tissue with sensitivity in the range of 86–100 %, specificity of 89–99 %, and accuracy within 90–99 %.

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Laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy in treatment of recurrent nodular goiter and thyroid cancer

10.1117/12.446523 ◽

2001 ◽

Author(s):

Oleg V. Seliverstov ◽

Valeriy A. Privalov ◽

Alexander V. Lappa ◽

A. K. Demidov ◽

Alexey B. Faizrakhmanov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Nodular Goiter ◽

Interstitial Thermotherapy

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NODULAR GOITER AND THYROID CANCER

JAMA ◽

10.1001/jama.1962.03050290073014 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 181 (3) ◽

pp. 251

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Nodular Goiter

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Lymph node characteristics of 6279 N1 differentiated thyroid cancer patients

Endocrine Connections ◽

10.1530/ec-20-0019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 201-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C Sui ◽

Q He ◽

R Du ◽

D Zhang ◽

F Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Lymph Node ◽

Tumor Size ◽

Regression Models ◽

Differentiated Thyroid Cancer ◽

Nodular Goiter ◽

Clinicopathological Characteristics ◽

Tumor Diameter ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Neck Metastasis

Purpose This study examined the clinicopathological characteristics of 6279 N1 differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients who underwent operations in our center. Methods This was a retrospective longitudinal analysis. We categorized the DTC patients on the basis of various lymph node (LN) characteristics. Logistic regression models and multiple linear regression models were used for the correlation analysis. Results A total of 3693 (58.8%) N1a patients and 2586 (41.2%) N1b patients were included. Patients with N1b disease had larger metastatic foci (0.5 vs 0.15 cm), a greater number of metastatic LNs (5 vs 2), a greater number of dissected LNs (25 vs 7), and a smaller lymph node ratio (NR, number of positive LNs/number of sampled LNs) (23.1% vs 28.6%) than patients in stage N1a. Comparing the clinicopathological features, we found that male, increased tumor size, multifocality, and thyroiditis increased the risk of stage N1b disease (P < 0.05). Sex, multifocality, capsular infiltration, and tumor size were associated with the size of the metastatic LNs (P < 0.05). Sex, capsular infiltration, and nodular goiter were associated with the NR (P < 0.05). Female sex, tumor located in inferior lobe, maximal tumor diameter (MTD) < 1 cm, and nodular goiter were independent predictors for skip metastases (P < 0.05). MTD > 1 cm, central neck metastasis and age were independent predictors for bilateral lateral neck metastasis (BLNM) (P < 0.05). Conclusion The LN characteristics of stage N1a and N1b disease were associated with significantly different features, such as sex, tumor size, multifocality, capsular infiltration, and nodular goiter.

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Clinical features and results of laboratory and instrumental examination of patients with nodular structures in the thyroid gland in real clinical practice

Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) ◽

10.18821/0023-2149-2017-95-4-355-361 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 95 (4) ◽

pp. 355-361

Author(s):

I. S. Berezkina ◽

T. V. Saprina ◽

A. P. Zima ◽

A. V. Isaeva ◽

V. N. Latypova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Clinical Practice ◽

Thyroid Nodules ◽

Statistical Data ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Nodular Goiter ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Cancer Research Institute ◽

The City ◽

Malignancy Potential

The ever increasing incidence of thyroid cancer throughout the world poses the problem of differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules at various stages of their formation. Objective: to determine the most important clinical, laboratory and instrumental parameters of thyroid nodules for the assessment of their malignancy potential and to identify "defects" of clinical and instrumental examination of patients with nodular goiter in clinical practice. Materials and methods: we analyzed the data of general clinical research, hormonal profile, and thyroid ultrasound studies performed on the basis of various clinics in the city of Tomsk (41%), Endocrinology Department of the OGAUZ TOKB consultative and diagnostic polyclinic (28 %), and Cancer Research Institute (31%) for the period from 2012 to 2014. The patients were selected for surgery. Pre-operative data were compared with histological features of the nodules. Results: we analyzed «defects» of patient examination, statistical data on clinical and laboratory-instrumental parameters of thyroid nodules. Conclusion: «defects» of description of ultrasound data significantly reduce sensitivity of the method for predicting malignancy of thyroid nodules. The description of the material obtained by US-FNA alone, in the absence of the conclusion of medical cytologists, has no informative value. Low specificity of a cytological study (48.4%) and its high sensitivity (95.8%) suggests overdiagnosis of thyroid cancer.

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Modern concepts of the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid cancer

Advances in molecular oncology ◽

10.17650/2313-805x-2021-8-2-8-22 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 8-22

Author(s):

A. A. Mikhailova ◽

A. V. Shestakov ◽

K. A. Chubakova ◽

E. V. Kolokolova ◽

V. Yu. Eliseev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Tumor Markers ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Thyroid Nodules ◽

Gene Mutations ◽

Endocrine System ◽

Nodular Goiter ◽

Micro Rna ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Patient Treatment

Thyroid cancer remains the most common malignancy of the endocrine system worldwide. The indicators of its morbidity and mortality rates have been increasing rapidly over the last decades. Most cases of differentiated thyroid cancer (follicular and papillary histotypes) are clinically manifested by nodular goiter frequently combined with uncertain results of cytological diagnosis (categories III and IV according to the Bethesda (Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology) classification). All of that makes it difficult to choose a proper tactic for patient treatment. It is known that the development, progression, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells are regulated by a variety of molecular mechanisms. This review describes several molecular aspects of thyroid nodules oncogenesis, as well as its most promising diagnostic tumor markers. Following molecular pathways are described in particular: gene mutations, protein tumor markers, and epigenetic effects of micro-RNA, histones, as well as DNA methylation. The study of the pathogenesis of this disease has a prognostic value and contributes to the search for effective therapeutic and diagnostic methods and their improvement. That is why we also reviewed modern test panels aimed at preoperative differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Summarizing the results of world research on this topic allows us not only to expand the understanding of the fundamental processes of oncogenesis, but also to outline promising areas for future experimental research projects. All of that together will contribute to developing new prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic technologies, and as a result, will improve the quality of medical care for patients with thyroid cancer.

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