Intestinal microbiota and its effect on the immune system — A nested case-cohort study on prevention of atopy among small children in Trondheim: The IMPACT study

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torbjørn Øien ◽  
Ola Storrø ◽  
Roar Johnsen
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Impact Study ◽  
Small Children ◽  
System A ◽  
The Impact

Healthy gut microbiota and long term health

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Vandenplas
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tremendous Impact ◽  
Postnatal Factors

This review summarises how the composition of the gastro-intestinal microbiota depends on pre- and postnatal factors, and birth itself. The impact of method of delivery, feeding during infancy and medications, such as antibiotics and anti-acid medication, on the composition of the gastro-intestinal microbiota has clearly been shown. However, the duration of the impact of these factors is not well established. The gastro-intestinal microbiome composition is associated with many auto-immune mediated diseases. Although causality has not been obviously demonstrated, there is a strong tendency in this direction. Nevertheless, results of the manipulation of the gastro-intestinal microbiome composition in these conditions are often disappointing. A better understanding on factors determining the longterm composition of the gastro-intestinal microbiome and its health consequences are a priority research topic. A better understanding of the association between the microbiome and the immune system may have a tremendous impact on general health.

scholarly journals OP10 IgA coating of intestinal microbiota is associated with inflammatory bowel disease in twin pairs discordant for inflammatory bowel disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S010-S011
Author(s):  
E Brand ◽  
Y Laenen ◽  
F van Wijk ◽  
M de Zoete ◽  
B Oldenburg
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is thought to result from an interplay between microbiota, the immune system and the environment in genetically susceptible hosts. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) produced by the immune system can be specifically directed against bacteria. The IgA-coating pattern of intestinal bacteria thus reflects interactions between the immune system and specific bacteria. Studying IBD in twins, concordant and discordant for IBD, reduces the impact of genetic predisposition and childhood exposures and therefore offers the unique opportunity to focus on other factors such as intestinal microbiota composition and immune-interactions in IBD. Methods Faecal samples from twin pairs discordant for Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) were collected. Employing fluorescence-activated cell sorting, IgA+ and IgA− bacteria from the intestinal microbiota were sorted. Subsequently, (1) the total, (2) IgA+ and (3) IgA− microbial composition was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing (IgA-SEQ). We estimated the relative IgA coating per bacterial species by dividing the abundance of that species in the IgA+ fraction over the abundance in the IgA- fraction, representing the IgA coating index. Linear discriminant analyses were performed with LefSE. Results We included 31 twin pairs (62 individuals) discordant for IBD (CD: 15, UC: 16). 15/32 twin pairs were monozygotic, 43/62 of participants were female, the median age was 47 years (interquartile range: 34–58.5). Of 31 participants with IBD, 7 had signs of active inflammation based on endoscopy, Harvey–Bradshaw index or short clinical colitis activity index. Differences (log-linear discriminant analysis score >3) in the microbial composition of IgA-coated bacteria were observed between CD patients and their twin-siblings not affected by IBD: Dorea formicigenerans (increased in IgA coating), Parabacteroides sp., Christensenellaceae sp., Clostridium sp. and Mollicutes RF39 sp. (decreased in IgA coating). In ulcerative colitis patients, an increase in IgA-coating was observed for Ruminococcus gnavus and Dorea formicigenerans, while Turicibacter sp., Barnesiellaceae sp. and an unclassified Clostridiales sp. were decreased in IgA-coating compared with their twin-siblings not affected by IBD. Conclusion In twins affected by IBD, the pattern of IgA-coated bacteria differs between IBD and non-IBD affected individuals. These data on immune-bacteria interactions could serve as a starting point for the elucidation of the immune-responses triggered by specific bacteria in IBD.

scholarly journals The Impact of Nanoparticles on the Immune System: A Gray Zone of Nanomedicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-33
Author(s):  
Priyanka Ray ◽  
Noor Haideri ◽  
Inamul Haque ◽  
Omar Mohammed ◽  
Saborni Chakraborty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Gray Zone ◽  
Meaningful Change ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
System A ◽  
The Impact

Since the early days marking the first use of nanomedicine in the early 80s, there has been a meaningful change in the scientific field involving the Fabrication, characterization, and application of nanomaterials to treat many diseases, including cancers and genetic disorders. As unique and attractive properties of this novel class of materials unraveled, significant advances and discoveries were made over time. Addressing several challenges posed by conventional therapy, which were the only available treatment option for ailing patients, nanomedicine provided enhanced benefits, including reduced dosing, improved pharmacokinetics, and superior targeting efficiency. Several such formulations have successfully made their way to clinics and have shown promise in prolonging terminally ill patient populations' survival rates. However, the complex immune system and its various components, including various proteins and surface receptors, have made nanomaterials' journey from benchtop to the bedside a treacherous one. The innate and adaptive immune system interactions with nanomaterials are still under investigation and full of mysteries. This review highlights the various aspects of therapeutic nanocarriers and their current understanding of their immune systems' interactions.

scholarly journals Nutrition and the Immune System: A Complicated Tango

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Venter ◽  
Stefanie Eyerich ◽  
Tara Sarin ◽  
Kevin C. Klatt
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
System A ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Quality Evidence

Enthusiasm exists for the potential of diet to impact the immune system, prevent disease and its therapeutic potential. Herein, we describe the challenge to nutrition scientists in defining this relationship through case studies of diets and nutrients in the context of allergic and autoimmune diseases. Moderate-quality evidence exists from both human intervention and observational studies to suggest that diet and individual nutrients can influence systemic markers of immune function and inflammation; numerous challenges exist for demonstrating the impact of defined diets and nutrient interventions on clearly influencing immune-mediated-clinical disease endpoints. A growing body of evidence suggests that further consideration of dietary patterns, immune system and gut microbiome composition and function, and subsequent epigenetic modifications are needed to improve our understanding of diet–immune system interactions.

scholarly journals New insights into intestinal phages

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sausset ◽  
M. A. Petit ◽  
V. Gaboriau-Routhiau ◽  
M. De Paepe
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Viral Metagenomics ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Microbiota Structure

AbstractThe intestinal microbiota plays important roles in human health. This last decade, the viral fraction of the intestinal microbiota, composed essentially of phages that infect bacteria, received increasing attention. Numerous novel phage families have been discovered in parallel with the development of viral metagenomics. However, since the discovery of intestinal phages by d’Hérelle in 1917, our understanding of the impact of phages on gut microbiota structure remains scarce. Changes in viral community composition have been observed in several diseases. However, whether these changes reflect a direct involvement of phages in diseases etiology or simply result from modifications in bacterial composition is currently unknown. Here we present an overview of the current knowledge in intestinal phages, their identity, lifestyles, and their possible effects on the gut microbiota. We also gather the main data on phage interactions with the immune system, with a particular emphasis on recent findings.

scholarly journals Familial transmission rather than defective innate immunity shapes the distinct intestinal microbiota of TLR-deficient mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 209 (8) ◽  
pp. 1445-1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carles Ubeda ◽  
Lauren Lipuma ◽  
Asia Gobourne ◽  
Agnes Viale ◽  
Ingrid Leiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Deficient Mouse ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Deficient Mice ◽  
Small And Large Intestine

The intestinal microbiota contributes to the development of the immune system, and conversely, the immune system influences the composition of the microbiota. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the gut recognize bacterial ligands. Although TLR signaling represents a major arm of the innate immune system, the extent to which TLRs influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota remains unclear. We performed deep 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing to characterize the complex bacterial populations inhabiting the ileum and cecum of TLR- and MyD88-deficient mice. The microbiota of MyD88- and TLR-deficient mouse colonies differed markedly, with each colony harboring distinct and distinguishable bacterial populations in the small and large intestine. Comparison of MyD88-, TLR2-, TLR4-, TLR5-, and TLR9-deficient mice and their respective wild-type (WT) littermates demonstrated that the impact of TLR deficiency on the composition of the intestinal microbiota is minimal under homeostatic conditions and after recovery from antibiotic treatment. Thus, differences between TLR-deficient mouse colonies reflected long-term divergence of the microbiota after extended husbandry in isolation from each other. Long-term breeding of isolated mouse colonies results in changes of the intestinal microbiota that are communicated to offspring by maternal transmission, which account for marked compositional differences between WT and mutant mouse strains.

scholarly journals Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12269
Author(s):  
Stephanie Kraft ◽  
Lisa Buchenauer ◽  
Tobias Polte
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
System A ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Mold Exposure ◽  
The Impact

Fungi represent one of the most diverse and abundant eukaryotes on earth. The interplay between mold exposure and the host immune system is still not fully elucidated. Literature research focusing on up-to-date publications is providing a heterogenous picture of evidence and opinions regarding the role of mold and mycotoxins in the development of immune diseases. While the induction of allergic immune responses by molds is generally acknowledged, other direct health effects like the toxic mold syndrome are controversially discussed. However, recent observations indicate a particular importance of mold/mycotoxin exposure in individuals with pre-existing dysregulation of the immune system, due to exacerbation of underlying pathophysiology including allergic and non-allergic chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and even human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. In this review, we focus on the impact of mycotoxins regarding their impact on disease progression in pre-existing immune dysregulation. This is complemented by experimental in vivo and in vitro findings to present cellular and molecular modes of action. Furthermore, we discuss hypothetical mechanisms of action, where evidence is missing since much remains to be discovered.

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