Toxicity evaluation of the active ingredient acetamiprid and a commercial formulation (Assail® 70) on the non-target gastropod Biomphalaria straminea (Mollusca: Planorbidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 110248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Fanny Cossi ◽  
Lucila Thomsett Herbert ◽  
María Soledad Yusseppone ◽  
Analía Fernanda Pérez ◽  
Gisela Kristoff
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Toxicity Evaluation ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Biomphalaria Straminea

Toxicity evaluation of three pesticides on non-target aquatic and soil organisms: commercial formulation versus active ingredient

Ecotoxicology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana L. Pereira ◽  
Sara C. Antunes ◽  
Bruno B. Castro ◽  
Catarina R. Marques ◽  
Ana M. M. Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Toxicity Evaluation ◽  
Commercial Formulation

scholarly journals Toxicity of pesticides with fungicide and fungicide + insecticide effects to Eisenia andrei

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Isabela Aparecida Giordani ◽  
Eduarda Busatta ◽  
Luís Carlos Iuñes de Oliveira Filho ◽  
Dilmar Baretta ◽  
Camila Kissmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Artificial Soil ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Eisenia Andrei ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Pests And Diseases

  Pesticides are widely used in the agricultural sector to control and prevent pests and diseases. The use of these products can adversely affect non-target organisms that have a significant role in the soil, such as earthworms. This study evaluated the toxicity of the commercial formulation of the fungicide Comet® (active ingredient – a.i. pyraclostrobin) at concentrations of 0.08, 0.17, 0.35, 0.70, 1.40 and 2.80 mg of the commercial formulation kg-1 soil and the fungicide + insecticide Standak®Top (a.i. pyraclostrobin + thiophanate-methyl + fipronil) at concentrations of 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.60, 1.20 and 2.40 mg of the commercial formulation kg-1 soil, plus the control treatment, to Eisenia andrei in Tropical Artificial Soil (TAS) by means of standardized tests.

Bioaccumulation and Distribution Behavior of Endosulfan on a Cichlid Fish: Differences Between Exposure to the Active Ingredient and a Commercial Formulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 604-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Hérnan Da Cuña ◽  
Fabiana Laura Lo Nostro ◽  
Valeria Shimabukuro ◽  
Paola Mariana Ondarza ◽  
Karina Silvia Beatriz Miglioranza
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Distribution Behavior

scholarly journals LABORATORY TOXICITY OF MOSQUITO ADULTICIDES TO THE ASIAN TIGER MOSQUITOES, AEDES ALBOPICTUS AND THE HONEY BEES, APIS MELLIFERA

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Hussein Sanchez-Arroyo
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Paper Strip ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Asian Tiger ◽  
Differential Toxicity

Aedes albopictus and Apis mellifera were exposed to six insecticide active ingredients and five commercial insecticide formulations by topical application and insecticide-impregnated paper strips respectively to determine the differential toxicity and the potential use of the two methods in insecticide resistance monitoring surveys. By topical application deltamethrin was the most toxic active ingredient (LD 50 = 0.018 µg/g) for Ae. albopictus whereas chlorpyrifos was the least toxic (LD 50 = 0.499 µg/g). For Apis mellifera, the most toxic active ingredients were bifenthrin (LD 50 = 0.047 µg/g) and deltamethrin (LD 50 = 0.055 µg/g) while chlorpyrifos (LD 50 = 0.215 µg/g) and permethrin (LD 50 = 0.287 µg/g) had comparatively low toxicity. When the insecticide-impregnated method was used, Mosquito Mist (a.i. chlorpyrifos) was the most toxic commercial formulation for both Ae. albopictus (LC50 = 0.028 µg/cm2 ) and A. mellifera (LC50 = 0.059 µg/ cm2 ). Duet and DeltaGard showed the least toxicity (LC50 = 2.429 µg/cm 2 and LC50 = 0.491 µg/cm 2 respectively) for Ae. albopictus and DeltaGard was the least toxic to A. mellifera (LC50 = 18.09 µg/cm2 ). When using the topical application method with insecticide active ingredients, more than 3 times permethrin and deltamethrin were required to obtain the same mortality rate in A. mellifera as in Ae. albopictus. However, chlorpyrifos was more toxic for A. mellifera than for Ae. albopictus. In the insecticide-impregnated paper-strip method with commercial insecticide formulations, more than 36 times of DeltaGard was required to obtain the same mortality rate in A. mellifera as in Ae. albopictus. Even though the Mosquito Mist is the most toxic commercial formulation for both insect species, A. mellifera were more than 2 times tolerant to this insecticide compared to Ae. albopictus. The study concludes the active ingredient deltamethrin or its commercial formulation DeltaGard is the best among tested insecticides to control Ae. albopictus with minimal effects to A. mellifera.

Treatment of Aqueous Solutions Containing Four Commercial Pesticides by Means of TiO2 Solar Photocatalysis

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. García-Ripoll ◽  
A. Arques ◽  
R. Vicente ◽  
A. Domenech ◽  
A. M. Amat
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Active Principle ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Solar Simulator ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
First Order ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Pseudo First Order

Metasystox, Ultracid, Sevnol, and Laition are commercial pesticides, whose active ingredients are, respectively, oxydemethon-methyl, methidathion, carbaryl, and dimethoate. Laboratory scale experiments were carried out to treat solutions of the pure active ingredient and the commercial formulation employing a solar simulator as irradiation source. Degradation of the active ingredient followed in all cases a pseudo-first-order kinetic and rate constants, k, indicated that reaction was faster when the thiophosphate moiety was present. Additives existing in the commercial formulations resulted in an important decrease in the reaction rate, as k values were at least 50% lower than those obtained with the corresponding pure active principle (0.013min−1 for Ultracid and 0.033min−1 for methidathion, 0.011min−1 for Laition and 0.026min−1 for dimethoate, and 0.007min−1 for Sevnol and 0.016min−1 for carbaryl). Important increase in the surface tension was measured in all cases, indicating that the photocatalytic treatment is able to remove the surface active species present in the commercial formulation. Finally, assays based on the inhibition of the respiration of activated sludge indicated a decrease in the toxicity of all four commercial mixtures from initial values in the range 40–80% to achieve complete detoxification when the elimination of the active ingredient is reached.

Effects of Variations in Drop Makeup on the Phytotoxicity of Glyphosate

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolfe M. Ambach ◽  
Ross Ashford
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Ionic Surfactant ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Phytotoxic Effect ◽  
Individual Drop ◽  
Drop Number ◽  
Low Volume

Field and greenhouse trials have shown that ultra-low-volume applications (ULV) of glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] exhibit a greater phytotoxic effect on barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Bonanza′) at a given rate than do high-diluent-volume applications with a conventional hydraulic sprayer. Three greenhouse studies and one field trial were conducted to evaluate the influence of individual drop makeup on the effectiveness of ULV applications. Barley plants were treated at the four-leaf stage with one, three, or nine drops (1μl each) of glyphosate and a non-ionic surfactant with the concentration of the drops adjusted so that the total amount of active ingredient applied to each plant was constant. Application of a single, concentrated drop was significantly more effective in reducing total shoot growth than were applications of more dilute drops in greater number. When the dilute drop was supplemented with additional surfactant, phytotoxicity was restored, provided there was a sufficiently high concentration of glyphosate in the drop. With the substitution of a commercial formulation of glyphosate, the response of barley to variations in drop number and drop concentrations followed a similar trend. The response of field-grown plants did not differ from plants grown under controlled conditions.

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