Potentiometric CheqSol and standardized shake-flask solubility methods are complimentary tools in physicochemical profiling

The solubility of the compound is a crucial task for new drug design. Quinone is a promising candidate to develop as a new drug. In this research, the synthesis of 1,4-benzoquinone derivatives, that is, 2-(5-bromoamyl)-3,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (2a) and 2-(5-bromoamyl)-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (2b) were carried out by decarboxylation and insertion reaction of alkyl bromides. The product 2a and 2b are purified using SiO2 gel column chromatography and analyzed by UV-Visible, FT-IR, and NMR. The yield of 2a is 13.75%, and 2b is 4.04%. The solubility of 2a and 2b, expressed by log P, is measured in the n-octanol/water (3:7 (v/v)) system by the shake flask method. The log P of 2a and 2b are 2.99 and 1.36, respectively. It is showed that the log P of 2a is higher compared to 2b. The presence of two methyl substituents on the quinone ring of 2a supports the increase of hydrophobicity of the compound in the n-octanol/water system.

Download Full-text

PRODUCTION OF CYTASES ACTIVE ON BARLEY GUM BY BACTERIA OF THE GENUS BACILLUS

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b53-004 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 28-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. C. Blackwood

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Nitrogen Source ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Shake Flask ◽

Sole Nitrogen Source ◽

Genus Bacillus ◽

Original Activity ◽

Bacterial Cultures ◽

Bacillus Genus

One hundred and fourteen bacterial cultures representing most of the species in the Bacillus genus were tested for the production of extracellular barley gum cytase. Assays were made on shake-flask cultures grown on a medium containing glucose and yeast extract. Although all the organisms had some enzymatic activity, certain strains of Bacillus subtilis gave the best yields of cytase. On a medium with asparagine as the sole nitrogen source even higher yields were obtained. The crude cytase preparations were stable and after freeze-drying most of the original activity remained.

Download Full-text

A Novel Method for Preparation of Antimicrobial Cellulose Textile by Surface Carbamatization and N-Chlorination

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.1088 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 399-401 ◽

pp. 1088-1092

Author(s):

Liu Yang Wang ◽

Fang Ying Wang ◽

Biao Bing Wang

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Content ◽

Shake Flask ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite Solution ◽

E Coli ◽

Cellulose Fabric ◽

Carbamate Group ◽

Novel Method ◽

Cellulose Fabrics ◽

Temperature Time

Surface carbamatization of cellulose fabric was accomplished through co-heating with urea. The carbamate group on textile surface was transformed to N-chlorocarbamate after exposure to sodium hypochlorite solution. Effect of carbamatization temperature, time on Nitrogen content of fabrics was investigated, and the effect of bleach technology on chlorine content on fabrics was also studied. Using shake flask method antimicrobial activities against E. coli and S. aureus were studied. The results showed that when carbamatization temperature was 138°C and the time was 3 hours, nitrogen content of cellulose fabric was the highest: 1.47%. Antibacterial ability of cellulose fabrics with 0.81mg/g chlorine against E. coli and S. aureus was 99.9999% and 100%, respectively.

Download Full-text

Production of xylanase by Aspergillus awamori on synthetic medium in shake flask cultures

Process Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/s0032-9592(97)00090-3 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 429-433 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

D. Siedenberg ◽

S.R. Gerlach ◽

K. Schügerl ◽

M.L.F. Giuseppin ◽

J. Hunik

Keyword(s):

Shake Flask ◽

Synthetic Medium ◽

Aspergillus Awamori

Download Full-text

Experimental determination of octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) of 39 liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) by use of the shake-flask method

Chemosphere ◽

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132407 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 287 ◽

pp. 132407

Author(s):

Ming Zhu ◽

Huijun Su ◽

Yurong Bao ◽

Jianhua Li ◽

Guanyong Su

Keyword(s):

Liquid Crystal ◽

Partition Coefficient ◽

Experimental Determination ◽

Shake Flask ◽

Water Partition Coefficient

Download Full-text

Copper removal by polymer immobilised Rhizopus oryzae

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2000.0587 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 42 (7-8) ◽

pp. 345-352 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

M. S. Al-Hakawati ◽

C. J. Banks

Keyword(s):

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Shake Flask ◽

Rhizopus Oryzae ◽

Polymer Matrices ◽

Copper Uptake ◽

Uptake Capacity ◽

Copper Adsorption ◽

Copper Solution ◽

Erroneous Result

Rhizopus oryzae, strain IMI 057412, was immobilised by inclusion in six different polymers: polyvinlformal, polysulfone, polyurethane, alginate, polyacrylamide, k-carrageenan, polyethyleneimine(PEI). It was also grown on a seventh, polyurethane. The biomass/polymer matrices were formed into equal size units (4 mm spheres or cubes) and the resulting biomass/polymer matrices were used to uptake copper at 2 mg/l from a laboratory-formulated copper solution in shake flask experiments at room temperature and initially neutral pH. Results showed that the copper uptake capacity of immobilised biomass was either equal to or less than that of free biomass. Biomass immobilised in polyurethane gave a capacity equal to that of free biomass, while other matrices hindered the uptake to different degrees. The k-carrageenan matrix proved to be unstable in the copper solution and dissolved during the experiment releasing the biomass and leading to an erroneous result. The polymer matrices without biomass, with theexception of alginate and polysulfone, showed no measurable copper adsorption capacity. All the experiments were conducted in duplicate with a maximum variation between them of 7%.

Download Full-text

Simultaneous Extraction Optimization and Analysis of Flavonoids from the Flowers of Tabernaemontana heyneana by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Diode Array Detector and Electron Spray Ionization/Mass Spectrometry

ISRN Biotechnology ◽

10.5402/2013/450948 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Thiyagarajan Sathishkumar ◽

Ramakrishnan Baskar ◽

Mohan Aravind ◽

Suryanarayanan Tilak ◽

Sri Deepthi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

High Performance ◽

Shake Flask ◽

Orthogonal Design ◽

Array Detector ◽

Diode Array ◽

Ionization Mass ◽

Diode Array Detector

Flavonoids are exploited as antioxidants, antimicrobial, antithrombogenic, antiviral, and antihypercholesterolemic agents. Normally, conventional extraction techniques like soxhlet or shake flask methods provide low yield of flavonoids with structural loss, and thereby, these techniques may be considered as inefficient. In this regard, an attempt was made to optimize the flavonoid extraction using orthogonal design of experiment and subsequent structural elucidation by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electron spray ionization/mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS) techniques. The shake flask method of flavonoid extraction was observed to provide a yield of 1.2±0.13 (mg/g tissue). With the two different solvents, namely, ethanol and ethyl acetate, tried for the extraction optimization of flavonoid, ethanol (80.1 mg/g tissue) has been proved better than ethyl acetate (20.5 mg/g tissue). The optimal conditions of the extraction of flavonoid were found to be 85°C, 3 hours with a material ratio of 1 : 20, 75% ethanol, and 1 cycle of extraction. About seven different phenolics like robinin, quercetin, rutin, sinapoyl-hexoside, dicaffeic acid, and two unknown compounds were identified for the first time in the flowers of T. heyneana. The study has also concluded that L16 orthogonal design of experiment is an effective method for the extraction of flavonoid than the shake flask method.

Download Full-text

Comparison of the Production of Recombinant Protein in Suspension Culture of CHO Cells in Spinner Flask and Shake Flask System

IIUM Engineering Journal ◽

10.31436/iiumej.v12i4.180 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

Author(s):

S.N.Z Zainul Abidin ◽

And N. Anuar

Keyword(s):

Recombinant Protein ◽

Suspension Culture ◽

Chinese Hamster Ovary ◽

Cho Cells ◽

Shake Flask ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Chinese Hamster ◽

Lactate Production ◽

Spinner Flask ◽

Lac Z

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been most widely used as the production host for the commercial production of biopharmaceuticals product. They have been extensively studied and developed, and today provide a stable platform for producing monoclonal antibodies and recombinant proteins. This study was focusing on comparison of suspension culture system by using spinner flask and shake flask for the growth and production of recombinant protein in CHO cell line. The CHO cells were transfected with an expression of DNA plasmid containing lac Z gene which codes for Î²-galactosidase. The recombinant genes in these CHO cells and the Î²-galactosidase expressing cells were adapted to suspension culture. The agitation speed for both spinner and shake flask were adjusted accordingly. The experiments were carried out in duplicate and samples were taken for cell count, determination of glucose consumption, lactate production and protein level by using biochemical assay. The result showed that, the cell growth in spinner flask is more favorable then in shake flask. The cell concentration in spinner flask is 58% higher than in shake flask. On the other hand, specific activity of Î²-galactosidase is 25% higher in spinner flask compared to shake flask, at the same agitation speed.ABSTRAK: Sel ovari hamster China (Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)) digunakan secara meluas dalam hos pembiakan untuk tujuan komersil produk biofarmaseutikal. Ia telah dikaji dan dibangunkan secara ekstensif, dan kini ia menyediakan landasan yang stabil untuk penghasilan antibodi monoklon dan protein rekombinan. Kajian ini memfokuskan tentang penghasilan protein rekombinan menggunakan kultur ampaian sel CHO di dalam kelalang putar dan kelalang goncang. Sel CHO dimasukkan dengan plasmid DNA yang mengandungi gen lac Z yang juga memberikan kod untuk β-galaktosidase. Sel CHO β-galaktosidase-terungkap dimasukkan ke dalam kultur ampaian. Kelajuan agitasi untuk kedua-dua kelalang putar dan kelalang goncang disesuaikan dengan sewajarnya. Eksperimen dijalankan menggunakan pendua dan sampel yang diambil untuk kiraan sel, penentuan penggunaan glukosa, penghasilan laktat dan aras protein dengan menggunakan cerakin biokimia. Keputusan menunjukkan tumbesaran sel di dalam kelalang putar lebih menggalakkan daripada dalam kelalang goncang. Kepekatan sel dalam kelalang putar adalah 58% lebih tinggi daripada dalam kelalang goncang. Sebaliknya, pada kelajuan agitasi yang sama, aktiviti tertentu β-galaktosidase adalah 25% lebih tinggi dalam kelalang putar dibandingkan dengan kelalang goncang.

Download Full-text