Analysis of the impact of heat waves on daily mortality in urban and rural areas in Madrid

The planning and organisation of public passenger transport in rural areas is a complex process. The transport demand in rural areas is often low, which makes it hard to establish and run a financially sustainable public transport system. A solution is integrated passenger transport that eliminates deficiencies and provides benefits for all participants in the public passenger transport process. This paper describes the impact of integrated passenger transport on mobility in rural areas and critically evaluates different literature sources. Integration of passenger transport in urban areas has been described in the context of rural areas, and the challenges of integration of public passenger transport specific to rural areas have been analysed. Through the application in urban and rural areas, the planning of integrated and non-integrated passenger transport has been functionally analysed. The analysis found an increase in the degree of mobility in the areas that use integrated passenger transport compared to the non-integrated one. This research of the literature review has identified the rural areas of mobility as under-researched. The mobility research can set up a more efficient passenger transport planning system in rural areas.

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Empirical analysis of the impact of financial development on the income gap between urban and rural residents in the context of large data using fuzzy Kmeans clustering algorithm

International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education ◽

10.1177/0020720920936837 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 002072092093683

Author(s):

Yao Li

Keyword(s):

Empirical Analysis ◽

Financial Development ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Clustering Algorithm ◽

Financial Industry ◽

Rural Residents ◽

Income Gap ◽

Urban And Rural Residents ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Impact

With the rise of the tertiary industry, the financial industry has achieved unprecedented development, which is mainly reflected in the rapid growth of economic aggregate, the increasingly balanced financial structure system and the increasingly diversified financial products. However, with the rapid development of financial industry, the income of urban and rural residents is increasingly unbalanced. The increasing income gap between urban and rural areas has caused a large number of adverse phenomena in the process of economic development, seriously affecting the income distribution of the people and even causing social instability. Therefore, in today’s big data era, it is necessary to systematically study and analyze the impact of financial industry development on the national income gap between urban and rural areas. At the same time, it is of great significance to improve the problem of excessive income gap between urban and rural areas. This paper mainly analyses the relationship between the three effects of the development of financial industry and the income gap between urban and rural residents. In the empirical aspect, the paper creatively uses the fuzzy Kmeans clustering algorithm to regression analysis the panel data of a certain area from 2010 to 2018. At the same time, in the empirical data analysis, this paper creatively replaces the European norm measure of the Kmeans clustering algorithm with the AE measure, and puts forward a proposal. The index of financial development level is based on the proportion of loans from financial institutions. Through theoretical and empirical analysis, this paper draws the following conclusions: the financial scale in the financial industry will have a huge impact on the income gap between urban and rural areas. Finally, based on the above problems and current situation, this paper puts forward relevant improvement suggestions.

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Sustainable Mountain Village Construction Adapted to Livelihood, Topography, and Hydrology: A Case of Dong Villages in Southeast Guizhou, China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10124619 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 4619

Author(s):

Zhengxu Zhou ◽

Ziyu Jia ◽

Nian Wang ◽

Ming Fang

Keyword(s):

Spatial Pattern ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Paddy Field ◽

Sustainable Construction ◽

Ecological Stability ◽

Mountain Valley ◽

Sustainable Environment ◽

Water Pond ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Impact

A sustainable environment needs the effort and experience from both urban and rural areas. Some villages have achieved sustainability utilizing the concept of ecological stability. This paper takes the Dong villages in the Duliujiang River Basin in the Southeastern Guizhou as an example. Based on the anthropological “ethnographic text” and the morphological “village space information”, this paper analyzes the impact of the mountain rice livelihood model and different hydrological–topographic conditions on the spatial pattern of settlements, focusing on the sustainable construction wisdom. The findings are as follows: (1) Dong people’s migration follows the “River Valley–Mountain Valley–Mountain Slope” path, with maintenance of the rice livelihood model and, finally, derived from the “Mountain–Water–Forest–Paddy Field–Village” spatial pattern, the “Mountain–Water–(Pond)–Field–Forest–Village”, “Mountain–Water–Terrace–Forest–Village” settlement space patterns are formed. (2) The Dong’s settlements form a sustainable overall space. “Mountain–Water–Forest–Paddy Field” each play an ecological role and form an organic whole. Their management mechanism of utilizing limited natural resources has played an important management and supervision role. (3) The natural base of “Mountain–Water–Forest–Paddy Field–Village” is in accordance with their livelihood model and social culture, forming a unique ecosystem. It has become the basic environment for them to obtain survival sustenance, which still has prominent values today.

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Assessing women's satisfaction with family planning services in Mozambique

Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care ◽

10.1136/jfprhc-2015-101190 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 222-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Leonardo Chavane ◽

Martinho Dgedge ◽

Patricia Bailey ◽

Osvaldo Loquiha ◽

Marc Aerts ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Rural Areas ◽

User Satisfaction ◽

National Level ◽

Quality Of Healthcare ◽

Family Planning Services ◽

Health Service Provision ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Impact

BackgroundThe contraceptive prevalence rate in Mozambique was estimated as 11.3% in the last Demographic and Health Survey. The impact of family planning (FP) on women's health and on the reduction of maternal mortality is well known.MethodsAcknowledging the importance of user satisfaction in the utilisation of health services, exit interviews were used to assess women's satisfaction with FP services in Mozambique. The survey, conducted in 174 health facilities, was representative at the national level, covered all provinces, and both urban and rural areas.ResultsOverall, 86% of respondents were satisfied with FP services, but issues such as insufficient supplies of oral contraceptives and the low quality of healthcare provider/client interactions were given as reasons for women's dissatisfaction.ConclusionDefined actions at the level of health service provision are needed to tackle the identified issues and ensure improved satisfaction with, and better utilisation of, FP services in Mozambique.

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HUMAN BEHAVIORAL CHANGES AND ITS IMPACT IN DISEASE MODELING

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v77.7001 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 77 (33) ◽

Author(s):

Teoh Shian Li ◽

Jane Labadin ◽

Phang Piau ◽

Ling Yeong Tyng ◽

Shapiee Abd Rahman

Keyword(s):

Uniform Distribution ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Disease Modeling ◽

Demographic Factors ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Individual Based Model ◽

Preventive Actions ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact

One of the threats of the world health is the infectious diseases. This leads to the raise of concern of the policymakers and disease researchers. Vaccination program is one of the methods to prevent the vaccine-preventable diseases and hence help to eradicate the diseases. The impact of the preventive actions is related to the human behavioral changes. Fear of the diseases will increase one’s incentive in taking the preventive actions to avoid the diseases. As human behavioral changes affecting the impact of the preventive actions, the individual-based model is constructed to incorporate the behavioral changes in disease modeling. The agents in the individual-based model are allowed to move randomly and interact with each other in the environment. The interactions will cause the disease viruses as well as the fearfulness to be spread in the population. In addition, the individual-based model can have different environment setups to distinguish the urban and rural areas. The results shown in this paper are divided into two subsections, which are the justification of using uniform distribution as random number generator, and the variation of disease spread dynamics in urban and rural areas. Based on the results, the uniform distribution is found to be sufficient in generating the random numbers in this model as there is no extreme outlier reported in the experiment. We have hypothesized the individuals in urban area to have higher level of fearfulness compared to those in rural area. However, the preliminary results of the survey conducted show a disagreement with the hypothesis. Nevertheless, the data collected still show two distinct classes of behavior. Thus, the distinction does not fall into the samples taken from rural or urban areas but perhaps more on the demographic factors. Therefore, the survey has to be study again and demographic factors have to be included in the survey as we could not distinguish the level of fearfulness by areas.

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THE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON MURDER RATES AND ON THE GEOGRAPHY OF HOMICIDE IN ENGLAND AND WALES, 1780–1850

The Historical Journal ◽

10.1017/s0018246x10000245 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 671-698 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

PETER KING

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Homicide Rates ◽

England And Wales ◽

Large Cities ◽

Methodological Problems ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

And Migration ◽

Impact Of Urbanization ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACTAlthough higher murder rates have traditionally been associated with large cities, this view has recently been challenged by several historians who have argued that ‘homicide rates were negatively correlated with urbanisation and industrialisation’, and this is rapidly becoming the new consensus. By exploring the geography of homicide rates for one area undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization – England and Wales, 1780–1850 – this article challenges this new view and re-assesses the relationship between recorded homicide rates and both modernization and urbanization. After discussing the methodological problems involved in using homicide statistics, it focuses mainly on the first fifteen years for which detailed county-based data is available – 1834–48 – as well as looking at the more limited late eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century evidence. This data raises fundamental questions about the links historians have recently made between urbanization and low homicide rates, since the remote rural parts of England and Wales generally had very low recorded murder rates while industrializing and rapidly urbanizing areas such as Lancashire had very high ones. Potential explanations for these systematic and large variations between urban and rural areas – including the impact of age structures and migration patterns – are then explored.

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A qualitative exploration of the impact of COVID-19 on food decisions of economically disadvantaged families in Northern Ireland

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-12307-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Eleni Spyreli ◽

Michelle C. McKinley ◽

Jayne V. Woodside ◽

Colette Kelly

Keyword(s):

Northern Ireland ◽

Low Income ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Meal Preparation ◽

Fresh Food ◽

Food Decisions ◽

Low Income Families ◽

Meal Planning ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background The first UK-wide lockdown to prevent the spread of COVID-19 had a serious financial impact on low-income households, a population already in higher risk of food insecurity and poor dietary choices. Qualitative data on the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on food decisions of UK families are scarce. This study aimed to explore how the measures to control the spread of COVID-19 influenced the food-related decisions of socioeconomically deprived families in Northern Ireland. Methods A qualitative study captured data from online individual interviews. Participation was open for parents of children 2–17 years old living on a tight budget in urban and rural areas of Northern Ireland. A sampling matrix enabled equal representation of single- and two-parent households, as well as parents of younger children (<12y) and adolescents (≥12y). Data were collected by using the methods of Photovoice and mapping exercise. Data were analysed through a thematic approach. Results Twelve online interviews were conducted and five distinct themes were identified reflecting families’ food-related decisions that were affected by the COVID-19 lockdown: 1) food planning; 2) food purchasing; 3) meal preparation; 4) eating and feeding behaviours and 5) eating food prepared outside the house. Conclusions The restrictions put in place to inhibit the spread of COVID-19 influenced all aspects of dietary decisions of low-income families. Changes observed during this period included frequent consumption of homemade meals, but also increased unhealthy snacking. Infrequent food shopping encouraged good meal planning, but was also a barrier to securing adequate fresh food. Food-related support including school meal assistance contributed to families’ food security, particularly those of single parents.

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IMPACT CUSTOMER SATISFACTION TOWARDS QUALITY SERVICE FOR DELIVERY PROCESS AT RAILWAY STATION IN MALAYSIA

Open Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.31580/jmis.v1i1.149 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 15-20

Author(s):

MUHAMMAD FARAHAN BIN ADENAN

Keyword(s):

Customer Satisfaction ◽

Sample Size ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Global Economy ◽

National Income ◽

Quality Service ◽

Five Dimensions ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Freight Forwarding ◽

The Impact

Nowadays, the transportation sector is now an important infrastructure for boosting the global economy as well as sponsoring national income as it is currently being expanded in urban and rural areas as well as helping to manage the delivery smoothly and smoothly. Hence, this research aims to determine how the quality services that can be handled during the delivery process are carried out through the railway. As well as the study to determine the impact during the delivery process to customers to ensure that all the services provided meet customer demand during the delivery process. In addition, this study also identifies the proposed improvements in management aspects. Five dimensions in SERVQUAL are used as indicators to influence customer satisfaction. In this study, five SERVQUAL dimensions must have a positive relationship with customer satisfaction and to know which dimensions are most important and dominant based on this study. Estimated sample size is determined because the sample size selection in accordance with the required estimation required is an important consideration to be taken into account in this study. For this method, researchers have identified several factors that can be used in major variables and secondary variables. For this researcher, the main variables are for customer satisfaction and the second variable is the quality service for the transmission process. At the end of the study, the researchers suggested some suggestions for the relevant parties to give customers the advantage of using the freight forwarding process by train.

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The impact of the 2003 heat wave on daily mortality in England and Wales and the use of rapid weekly mortality estimates

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/esm.10.07.00558-en ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 15-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

H Johnson ◽

S Kovats ◽

G McGregor ◽

J Stedman ◽

M Gibbs ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Wave ◽

Excess Mortality ◽

Heat Waves ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Daily Mortality ◽

England And Wales ◽

National Statistics ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

The Impact ◽

Mortality Estimates

This paper describes a retrospective analysis of the impact of the 2003 heat wave on mortality in England and Wales, and compares this with rapid estimates based on the Office for National Statistics routine weekly deaths reporting system. Daily mortality data for 4 to 13 August 2003, when temperatures were much hotter than normally seen in England, were compared with averages for the same period in years 1998 to 2002. The August 2003 heat wave was associated with a large short-term increase in mortality, particularly in London. Ozone and particulate matter concentrations were also elevated during the heat wave. Overall, there were 2139 (16%) excess deaths in England and Wales. Worst affected were people over the age of 75 years. The impact was greatest in the London region where deaths in those over the age of 75 increased by 59%. Estimated excess mortality was greater than for other recent heat waves in the United Kingdom. The estimated number of deaths registered each week is reported by the Office for National Statistics. The first clear indication of a substantial increase in deaths was published on 21 August 2003. This provided a quick first estimate of the number of deaths attributable to the heat wave and reflected the pattern of daily deaths in relation to the hottest days, but underestimated the excess when compared with the later analysis.

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