scholarly journals Internalization and dissemination of human norovirus and Tulane virus in fresh produce is plant dependent

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihong Yang ◽  
Heather Chambers ◽  
Erin DiCaprio ◽  
Gary Gao ◽  
Jianrong Li
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Tulane Virus

scholarly journals Effects of Abiotic and Biotic Stresses on the Internalization and Dissemination of Human Norovirus Surrogates in Growing Romaine Lettuce

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (14) ◽  
pp. 4791-4800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin DiCaprio ◽  
Anastasia Purgianto ◽  
Jianrong Li
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Tulane Virus

ABSTRACTHuman norovirus (NoV) is the major causative agent of fresh-produce-related outbreaks of gastroenteritis; however, the ecology and persistence of human NoV in produce systems are poorly understood. In this study, the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on the internalization and dissemination of two human NoV surrogates (murine norovirus 1 [MNV-1] and Tulane virus [TV]) in romaine lettuce were determined. To induce abiotic stress, romaine lettuce was grown under drought and flood conditions that mimic extreme weather events, followed by inoculation of soil with MNV-1 or TV. Independently, lettuce plants were infected with lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) to induce biotic stress, followed by inoculation with TV. Plants were grown for 14 days, and viral titers in harvested tissues were determined by plaque assays. It was found that drought stress significantly decreased the rates of both MNV-1 and TV internalization and dissemination. In contrast, neither flood stress nor biotic stress significantly impacted viral internalization or dissemination. Additionally, the rates of TV internalization and dissemination in soil-grown lettuce were significantly higher than those for MNV-1. Collectively, these results demonstrated that (i) human NoV surrogates can be internalized via roots and disseminated to shoots and leaves of romaine lettuce grown in soil, (ii) abiotic stress (drought) but not biotic stress (LMV infection) affects the rates of viral internalization and dissemination, and (iii) the type of virus affects the efficiency of internalization and dissemination. This study also highlights the need to develop effective measures to eliminate internalized viruses in fresh produce.

scholarly journals Internalization and Dissemination of Human Norovirus and Animal Caliciviruses in Hydroponically Grown Romaine Lettuce

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (17) ◽  
pp. 6143-6152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin DiCaprio ◽  
Yuanmei Ma ◽  
Anastasia Purgianto ◽  
John Hughes ◽  
Jianrong Li
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
Tulane Virus

ABSTRACTFresh produce is a major vehicle for the transmission of human norovirus (NoV) because it is easily contaminated during both pre- and postharvest stages. However, the ecology of human NoV in fresh produce is poorly understood. In this study, we determined whether human NoV and its surrogates can be internalized via roots and disseminated to edible portions of the plant. The roots of romaine lettuce growing in hydroponic feed water were inoculated with 1 × 106RNA copies/ml of a human NoV genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) strain or 1 × 106to 2 × 106PFU/ml of animal caliciviruses (Tulane virus [TV] and murine norovirus [MNV-1]), and plants were allowed to grow for 2 weeks. Leaves, shoots, and roots were homogenized, and viral titers and/or RNA copies were determined by plaque assay and/or real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. For human NoV, high levels of viral-genome RNA (105to 106RNA copies/g) were detected in leaves, shoots, and roots at day 1 postinoculation and remained stable over the 14-day study period. For MNV-1 and TV, relatively low levels of infectious virus particles (101to 103PFU/g) were detected in leaves and shoots at days 1 and 2 postinoculation, but virus reached a peak titer (105to 106PFU/g) at day 3 or 7 postinoculation. In addition, human NoV had a rate of internalization comparable with that of TV as determined by real-time RT-PCR, whereas TV was more efficiently internalized than MNV-1 as determined by plaque assay. Taken together, these results demonstrated that human NoV and animal caliciviruses became internalized via roots and efficiently disseminated to the shoots and leaves of the lettuce.

Free Chlorine Disinfection Mechanisms of Rotaviruses and Human Norovirus Surrogate Tulane Virus Attached to Fresh Produce Surfaces

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (20) ◽  
pp. 11999-12006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miyu Fuzawa ◽  
Elbashir Araud ◽  
Jianrong Li ◽  
Joanna L. Shisler ◽  
Thanh H. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection ◽  
Tulane Virus

scholarly journals Evidence of the Internalization of Animal Caliciviruses via the Roots of Growing Strawberry Plants and Dissemination to the Fruit

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 2727-2734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin DiCaprio ◽  
Doug Culbertson ◽  
Jianrong Li
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
The United States ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Tulane Virus ◽  
Bell Peppers

ABSTRACTHuman norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of foodborne disease in the United States, and epidemiological studies have shown that fresh produce is one of the major vehicles for the transmission of human NoV. However, the mechanisms of norovirus contamination and persistence in fresh produce are poorly understood. The objective of this study is to determine whether human NoV surrogates, murine norovirus (MNV-1) and Tulane virus (TV), can attach and become internalized and disseminated in strawberries grown in soil. The soil of growing strawberry plants was inoculated with MNV-1 and TV at a level of 108PFU/plant. Leaves and berries were harvested over a 14-day period, and the viral titer was determined by plaque assay. Over the course of the study, 31.6% of the strawberries contained internalized MNV-1, with an average titer of 0.81 ± 0.33 log10PFU/g. In comparison, 37.5% of strawberries were positive for infectious TV, with an average titer of 1.83 ± 0.22 log10PFU/g. A higher percentage (78.7%) of strawberries were positive for TV RNA, with an average titer of 3.15 ± 0.51 log10RNA copies/g as determined by real-time reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). In contrast, no or little virus internalization and dissemination were detected when TV was inoculated into bell peppers grown in soil. Collectively, these data demonstrate (i) virally contaminated soils can lead to the internalization of virus via plant roots and subsequent dissemination to the leaf and fruit portions of growing strawberry plants and (ii) the magnitude of internalization is dependent on the type of virus and plant.

Application of chitosan microparticles against human norovirus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace Barnes ◽  
Rebecca Barber ◽  
Keith R. Schneider ◽  
Michelle D. Danyluk ◽  
Anita C. Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Log10 Reduction ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Chitosan Microparticles ◽  
Natural Treatment ◽  
Fecal Suspension ◽  
Tulane Virus

Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading causative agent of foodborne outbreaks and is associated with the second most prevalent cause of waterborne infections in the United States. The goal of this research was to investigate the antiviral activity of chitosan microparticles (CM) against HuNoV GII.4 Sydney and its cultivable surrogate, Tulane virus (TuV), in suspensions mimicking fecally-contaminated water. CM was prepared by crosslinking chitosan molecules with sodium sulfate, and then its anti-noroviral activity was assessed using infectivity assay on TuV and RT-qPCR on TuV and HuNoV. A 3% CM suspension in PBS (pH 7.2) showed binding to TuV particles but with a negligible impact on virus infectivity (p>0.05). TuV and HuNoV suspended in fecal suspensions showed a 1.5-log10 reduction in genomic copies per ml following a 10-min contact time (p<0.05). Despite the negligible impact on viral infectivity, CM moderately binds to virus particles and helps purify environmental water by removing infectious virus particles. In this study, TuV served as a suitable surrogate for HuNoV by showing a similar log10 reduction in fecal suspension. Overall, the outcomes of thisresearch highlight the potential application of CM as a novel, natural treatment to minimize the spread of water-transmitted viral pathogens.

scholarly journals Inactivation of human norovirus and Tulane virus in simple media and fresh whole strawberries by ionizing radiation

2016 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin DiCaprio ◽  
Nuttapong Phantkankum ◽  
Doug Culbertson ◽  
Yuanmei Ma ◽  
John H. Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Tulane Virus

Comparing Human Norovirus Surrogates: Murine Norovirus and Tulane Virus

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIRSTEN A. HIRNEISEN ◽  
KALMIA E. KNIEL
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Viral Infectivity ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Human Noroviruses ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tulane Virus

Viral surrogates are widely used by researchers to predict human norovirus behavior. Murine norovirus (MNV) is currently accepted as the best surrogate and is assumed to mimic the survival and inactivation of human noroviruses. Recently, a new calicivirus, the Tulane virus (TV), was discovered, and its potential as a human norovirus surrogate is being explored. This study aimed to compare the behavior of the two potential surrogates under varying treatments of pH (2.0 to 10.0), chlorine (0.2 to 2,000 ppm), heat (50 to 75°C), and survival in tap water at room (20°C) and refrigeration (4°C) temperatures for up to 30 days. Viral infectivity was determined by the plaque assay for both MNV and TV. There was no significant difference between the inactivation of MNV and TV in all heat treatments, and for both MNV and TV survival in tap water at 20°C over 30 days. At 4°C, MNV remained infectious over 30 days at a titer of approximately 5 log PFU/ml, whereas TV titers decreased significantly by 5 days. MNV was more pH stable, as TV titers were reduced significantly at pH 2.0, 9.0, and 10.0, as compared with pH 7.0, whereas MNV titers were only significantly reduced at pH 10.0. After chlorine treatment, there was no significant difference in virus with the exception of at 2 ppm, where TV decreased significantly compared with MNV. Compared with TV, MNV is likely a better surrogate for human noroviruses, as MNV persisted over a wider range of pH values, at 2 ppm of chlorine, and without a loss of titer at 4°C.

Persistence of human norovirus in reconstituted pesticides — Pesticide application as a possible source of viruses in fresh produce chains

2013 ◽  
Vol 160 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Verhaelen ◽  
Martijn Bouwknegt ◽  
Saskia A. Rutjes ◽  
Ana Maria de Roda Husman
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
Human Norovirus
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