scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study of Travel by Walking Before and After School Among Eighth-Grade Girls

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 608-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brit I. Saksvig ◽  
Larry S. Webber ◽  
John P. Elder ◽  
Dianne Ward ◽  
Kelly R. Evenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Eighth Grade ◽  
After School ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Before And After

Discovering the psychological building blocks underlying climate action - a longitudinal study of real-world activism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Castiglione ◽  
Cameron Brick ◽  
Stefanie Holden ◽  
Debra Lindsay ◽  
Adam Robert Aron
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
Objectively Measured ◽  
Climate Crisis

We are in a climate emergency, but governments are reacting too slowly. Grassroots collective action is needed to create political pressure. Those attempts would be much aided by understanding the psychological factors that dispose people to engaging in collective climate action. However, the extant research has several limitations. These include scant causal evidence of which factors trigger action, a lack of focus on the climate crisis itself, a way of measuring action that mostly uses self-report or intentions rather than objectively measured participation, and, finally, the use of mostly cross-sectional studies (rather than longitudinal). Here we undertake a longitudinal study on the effectiveness of an intensive 12-week video intervention designed to increase collective action on the climate crisis using a pre-post within-subjects design. Before and after the intervention, we will measure the psychological predictors identified in previous work, such as collective efficacy. Using a regression model, we strengthen the links between changes in these predictors and changes in both objective and self-reported activist behavior. [Key results and interpretation will go here].

scholarly journals Natural campylobacter colonization in chickens raised under different environmental conditions

1986 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.-B. Lindblom ◽  
E. Sjögren ◽  
B. Kaijser
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Protective Environment ◽  
Age Range

SUMMARYA cross-sectional study of 447 laying hens (age range 0–65 weeks) and a longitudinal study of 164 similar birds showed thatCampylobacter jejuniwas not present in the faeces of newly hatched chicks, but that colonization arose after 5–9 weeks. A survey of 250 broilers obtained from four breeders showed that all were negative forC. jejunibefore and after slaughter at the age of 5 weeks. OnceC. jejunihad appeared in a flock, it rapidly spread to virtually all birds, but at the age of 42 weeks only 20–46% of birds remained colonized, possibly as a result of having developed immunity. Birds housed in the protective environment of a laboratory still became colonized (after 9 weeks). The mode of infection is unknown, but water and food were bacteriologically negative and were deemed to be unlikely sources. Transmission via attendants, flies or other insects remain possibilities. It is concluded that prevention of colonization might be possible within the life-span of broiler chickens (5–7 weeks), but that it would be difficult to extend this period. There is a need to define how colonization arises so that the feasibility and cost of possible preventive measures can be assessed.

scholarly journals Physical activity and screen time in Australian Outside School Hours Care: current versus best practice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Virgara ◽  
Anna Phillips ◽  
Lucy Lewis ◽  
Mandy Richardson ◽  
Carol Maher
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Screen Time ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
After School ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Time Scheduling ◽  
New Guidelines ◽  
Practice Methods

Abstract Background Outside school hours care (OSHC) is accessed by millions of children internationally. Recently, physical activity and screen time guidelines in OSHC were developed. This study described the current physical activity and screen time scheduling in Australian OSHC, obtained sector feedback on the guidelines and compared current- with best-practice. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was administered to n=3551 Australian OSHC directors. Participants reported scheduling for physical activity and screen time opportunities in before- and after-school care. Feedback was sought on the new guidelines, including barriers and enablers for implementation. Scheduling data were used to evaluate whether services were currently meeting the new guidelines. Results 566 directors participated. Physical activity and screen time practices varied widely (e.g. after-school physical activity opportunity ranged from 15 minutes to 150 minutes, mean 74, SD 28; after-school screen time opportunity ranged from 15 to 195 minutes, mean 89, SD 43), with state (p=0.002) and socioeconomic (p<0.001) differences. Most participants were supportive of the guideline’s recommended physical activity and screen time durations. Three in five OSHC services did not currently meet the guidelines. Conclusions Physical activity and screen time scheduling in OSHC is highly variable. Current practice in the majority of OSHC services does not meet best practice guidelines.

scholarly journals Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 in Patients with Graves’ Disease before and after Antithyroid Therapy: Its Important Role in Serum Phosphate Regulation

2005 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 4211-4215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Yamashita ◽  
Yuji Yamazaki ◽  
Hisashi Hasegawa ◽  
Takeyoshi Yamashita ◽  
Seiji Fukumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Serum Phosphate ◽  
Graves Disease ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Phosphate Homeostasis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fgf 23

Abstract Objective: Hyperthyroidism is a well-described cause of hyperphosphatemia. We aimed to clarify the physiological role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 in serum phosphate homeostasis in patients with Graves’ disease during the course of treatment for hyperthyroidism. Context: The study group comprised 56 patients (45 for a cross-sectional study and 11 for a longitudinal study) with Graves’ disease. For the cross-sectional study, patients were assigned, on the basis of their serum phosphate level, to a hypophosphatemia group (n = 14), a normophosphatemia group (n = 16), or a hyperphosphatemia group (n = 15). Serum FGF-23, calcium, phosphate, PTH, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] levels were compared between the three groups. For the longitudinal study, we assessed changes in these biochemical indices before and after antithyroid treatment. Results: In the cross-sectional study, the serum FGF-23 level was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the hyperphosphatemia group than in the other groups (61 ± 36 ng/liter vs. 31 ± 22 ng/liter and 30 ± 9 ng/liter). In the longitudinal study, serum levels of FGF-23 decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) from a high of 54 ± 12 ng/liter before treatment to 29 ± 14 ng/liter after treatment. In contrast, the serum 1,25(OH)2D level increased significantly (P &lt; 0.005) from 55 ± 22 pmol/liter before treatment to 185 ± 76 pmol/liter 3 months after treatment. Serum FGF-23 levels were positively correlated with serum phosphate levels (P &lt; 0.0001) and negatively correlated with serum 1,25(OH)2D levels (P &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions: The significant positive correlation between serum levels of phosphate and FGF-23 indicates that FGF-23 may play an important role in serum phosphate homeostasis by its up-regulation in the hyperphosphatemic condition.

Longitudinal study on weight and height development before and after diagnosis of childhood craniopharyngioma

2003 ◽  
Vol 111 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
HL Müller ◽  
A Emser ◽  
A Faldum ◽  
G Bruhnken ◽  
N Etavard-Gorris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Before And After

Relative risk of cardiovascular disease is higher in women with type 2 diabetes, but not in those with prediabetes, as compared with men

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Succurro ◽  
Teresa Vanessa Fiorentino ◽  
Sofia Miceli ◽  
Maria Perticone ◽  
Angela Sciacqua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Normal Glucose

<b>Objective</b>: Most, but not all studies suggested that women with type 2 diabetes have higher relative risk (RR) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) than men. More uncertainty exists on whether the RR for CVD is higher in prediabetic women compared to men. <p><b>Research Design and Methods</b>: In a cross-sectional study, in 3540 normal glucose tolerant (NGT), prediabetic, and diabetic adults, we compared the RR for prevalent non-fatal CVD between men and women. In a longitudinal study including 1658 NGT, prediabetic, and diabetic adults, we compared the RR for incident major adverse outcomes, including all-cause death, coronary heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease events after 5.6 years follow-up. </p> <p><b>Results:</b> Women with prediabetes and diabetes exhibited greater relative differences in BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, hsCRP, and white blood cell count than men with prediabetes and diabetes when compared with their NGT counterparts. We found a higher RR for prevalent CVD in diabetic women (RR 9.29; 95% CI 4.73-18.25; <i>P</i><0.0001) than in men (RR 4.56; 95% CI 3.07-6.77; <i>P</i><0.0001), but no difference in RR for CVD was observed comparing prediabetic women and men. In the longitudinal study, we found that diabetic, but not prediabetic women have higher RR (RR 5.25; 95% CI 3.22-8.56; <i>P</i><0.0001) of incident major adverse outcomes than their male counterparts (RR 2.72; 95% CI 1.81-4.08; <i>P</i><0.0001).</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> This study suggests that diabetic, but not prediabetic, women have higher RR for prevalent and incident major adverse outcomes than men. </p>

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