Inequality and access to social services in Latin America: space–time constraints of child health checkups and prenatal care in Montevideo

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 24-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Hernandez ◽  
Cecilia Rossel
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Time Constraints

Child Health in Latin America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Célia Landmann Szwarcwald ◽  
Maria do Carmo Leal ◽  
Wanessa da Silva de Almeida ◽  
Mauricio Lima Barreto ◽  
Paulo Germano de Frias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
Social Commitment ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases

Child health has been placed at the forefront of international initiatives for development. The adoption of the Millennium Development Goals has propelled worldwide actions to improve maternal and child health. In the course of the year 2000, the Latin American (LA) countries made marked progress in implementing effective newborn and infant life-saving interventions. Under-five mortality in LA fell by a third between 1990 and 2015, with a sharp decline in diarrheal diseases and respiratory infections. Due to the successful immunization programs in the region, some vaccine-preventable diseases have been eliminated. Many of the LA countries have reached nearly universal coverage of childbirths attended by skilled personnel and >80% coverage for antenatal care. In 2015, 18 countries in the region reported the elimination of mother-to-child transmission for both HIV and syphilis. Although the advances in the public agenda aimed at promoting child health and development in Latin American countries are undeniable, unresolved issues remain. While many stillbirths and neonatal deaths could be averted by improving access to antenatal, intra-partum, and postnatal interventions, Latin America has the highest cesarean rate among all regions of the world with an excessive number of such operations without medical indications. The simultaneous lack and excess of cesarean deliveries in LA countries reflects a model of care that excludes a considerable portion of the population and reveals the persistent gaps and inequalities in the region. One of the main challenges to be faced is the lack of sustainable financing mechanisms to provide integrated and high-quality health care to all children, equal education opportunities, and social services to support disadvantaged families. When planning interventions, equity should be restored as the guiding principle of actions to ensure inclusion and social justice. Children represent the future of society in Latin America and elsewhere. For this reason, social commitment to provide universal child health is the genesis of sustainable development and must be an absolute priority.

Socioeconomic variations and disparity in space–time accessibility in suburban China: A case study of Guangzhou

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802091641
Author(s):  
Zifeng Chen ◽  
Anthony Gar-On Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Service Access ◽  
Service Accessibility ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
And Gender

The concept of conventional place-based accessibility, despite being well researched, tends to ignore people’s space–time constraints arising from mandatory activities (e.g. work and household duties), which confine people’s potential movement and delimit the accessible opportunities. As people with different socioeconomic statuses may have different space–time constraints even while living in similar locations, using the place-based measures could lead to an underestimation of accessibility inequality. This study applies a space–time measure to unravel the disparities in service accessibility in suburban China. Since the late 1970s, suburbanisation in Chinese cities has fostered income inequality and has elevated other dimensions (e.g. institutional status and gender) of disparity within each income class. Within this context, we conduct a case study of suburban neighbourhoods in Guangzhou, based on the activity diary data derived from a home-based questionnaire survey. Findings indicate that the use of a space–time measure effectively captures the disparities in service accessibility among residents in suburban Guangzhou. On the basis of structural equation modelling, we further identify that certain socioeconomic groups (e.g. high-income residents, public sector workers, local hukou holders, male household heads and welfare housing residents) tend to experience fewer space–time constraints from rigid activities, such as work, commuting and household duties, and are thus more advantaged in accessing service facilities. These findings imply that urban planning should address the space–time perspective to promote equal service access for the highly heterogeneous social groups in suburban China and to incorporate time-sensitive policies (e.g. flexitime policies).

scholarly journals Increased Rural Connectivity and its Effects on Health Outcomes

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (Special Edition) ◽  
pp. 271-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadia Majid
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Health Practices ◽  
Child Health Outcomes ◽  
Rural Pakistan

This paper examines the effects of increased connectivity in rural areas on child health outcomes. In particular, it studies whether improved access to markets for rural areas through an upgraded road network and greater openness, as measured by village electrification status, has had a positive impact on child health outcomes and awareness of health practices such as immunization and prenatal care. Using a 16-year panel dataset from rural Pakistan, we estimate two iterations of a probit model, where one examines the probability of child i being vaccinated and the second estimates the incidence of use of prenatal care. The results support the hypothesis that greater connectivity, as measured by road connectivity and electrification, improves health outcomes by increasing the likelihood of immunization and uptake of prenatal care.

The Parallel Power

2021 ◽  
pp. 110-113
Author(s):  
Samuel Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Robin Hood ◽  
The Government

This chapter illustrates why gangs are so powerful in Latin America. First, Latin America is poor, and when opportunities for legitimate employment are scarce or unremunerative, people turn to crime because crime pays. Second, gangs get politicians elected and keep them in power, which makes the government an implicit ally of the criminals. Third, gangs provide social services to poor people that the government cannot or will not. This allows some gang leaders to play Robin Hood and become popular. Finally, some of the criminals have full legal impunity. This is especially the case when the gang leaders/members are either politicians or cops.

Fear and Loathing in Central America

2020 ◽  
pp. 295-306
Author(s):  
Russell Crandall
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
The State ◽  
Drug Trade ◽  
Economic Action ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
The World

This chapter begins with Nils Gilman's seminal essay “The Twin Insurgency,” stating that gangs aim to carve out de facto zones of autonomy for themselves by crippling the state's ability to constrain their freedom of economic action. It talks about gangsters in Latin America that took advantage of the vulnerability of the states they operated in to such a degree that they frequently became shadow powers. It also details how gangs terrorized their host societies, using corruption, extortion, and bullets as their weapons of choice. The chapter cites the statistics that emphasized that the most violent cities in the world were in Latin America, clarifying that the statistics were a result of the impunity enjoyed by the region's criminal organizations, primarily those with ties to the illicit drug trade. It discusses how drug gangs often served as the de facto administrator of social services in slums, where the state failed to provide much of anything.

Urban Popular Movements in Latin America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Dosh
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Acceptable Solution ◽  
Neighborhood Organizations ◽  
Awkward Position ◽  
Popular Movements ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Social Safety Nets

In Latin America, urban popular movements emerged in the late 1940s as thousands of low-income migrants and city residents banded together to claim land, build self-help housing, and forge neighborhood organizations that fomented community participation and mobilized to demand land titles and city services. These neighborhoods were characterized by informal housing; inadequate provision of electricity, water, sanitation, transportation, and social services; and informal employment and underemployment. During the authoritarianism of the 1960s and 1970s, some urban popular movements resisted military dictatorship while others forged clientelist ties. Democratic and authoritarian leaders alike were forced to deal with the steady influx of rural migrants to cities, and regimes of all types often came to view informal neighborhoods founded by urban popular movements as an acceptable solution to some of the challenges of urbanization. In the 1980s and 1990s, neoliberal privatization of public utilities and cuts to social safety nets harmed urban popular movements, but national and local democratization expanded some avenues of participation, and the regional trend of urban popular movements expanded in numbers and extended its geographic reach. In the 2000s, socialist “Pink Tide” governments delivered benefits to low-income sectors, and many popular sectors supported these leftist regimes. Material gains proved modest, however, and state-movement alliances were rocky, leaving urban popular movements in the awkward position of being dissatisfied with national leadership, yet preferring the Pink Tide incumbents to most alternatives. And in the 2010s, a new “right turn” emerged, as conservative leaders replaced many Pink Tide presidents, threatening to reintroduce the repressive over-policing of popular sectors. Throughout these periods, the core conceptual identity of some urban popular movements shifted from the poblador (the “founder” seeking to meet his or her family’s needs) to the vecino (the “neighbor” collaborating with other movement participants through collective efforts), to the ciudadano (the empowered “citizen” who recognizes his or her needs as rights to be secured through political engagement).

The Effects of Prenatal Care on Birth Outcomes: Reconciling a Messy Literature

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hope Corman ◽  
Dhaval Dave ◽  
Nancy E. Reichman
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Support Groups ◽  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Long Term Effects

Prenatal care, one of the most frequently used forms of healthcare in the United States, involves a series of encounters during the gestational period, educates women about pregnancy, monitors existing medical conditions, tests for gestational health conditions, and refers expectant mothers to services such as support groups and social services. However, an increasingly methodologically rigorous literature suggests that the effects of prenatal care timing and quantity on birth outcomes, particularly low birthweight, are modest at the population level. A review and synthesis of the literature suggests that the questions typically being asked may be too narrow and that more attention should be paid to the characterization of infant health, characterization of the content and quality of prenatal care, potential heterogeneous effects, potential indirect effects on health behaviors that may benefit offspring, potential long-term effects, potential spillover effects (i.e., on mothers and their subsequent children), effects of preconceptional and lifetime care, and intergenerational effects.

scholarly journals Attitude and Knowledge of the Parents of Neonates admitted with Tetanus Neonatorum

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
S. Dibjosubroto ◽  
M. Ruskandi ◽  
M.S. Azhali
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Prenatal Care ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

Knowledge and attitude of 44 parents of neonates admitted with tetanus neonatorum to the Department of Child Health, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, from January 1975 through April 1976 were evaluated. Twenty-eight (63.7%) cases with tetanus neonatorum were from illiterate and elementary-school educated parents. Fourteen (31.8%) parents were aware of the mode of injection and 12 (27.3%) realized the importance of prevention of the disease; 10 (22.7%) mothers did not join prenatal care; 40 (90.9%) neonates were delivered by "peraji" (indigenous/traditional midwives) and 4 (9.1%) by midwives. The decisions which were made by the parents to choose "peraji" for the delivery and to admit their newborns with tetanus neonatorum to the hospital were found in 85% and 75% of the cases respectively.

Drift and Diffusion in Movement Adaptation to Space-Time Constraints

Motor Control ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-339
Author(s):  
Yeou-Teh Liu ◽  
Tsung-Yu Hsieh ◽  
Karl M. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Space Time ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
And Diffusion
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