Child Health in Latin America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Célia Landmann Szwarcwald ◽  
Maria do Carmo Leal ◽  
Wanessa da Silva de Almeida ◽  
Mauricio Lima Barreto ◽  
Paulo Germano de Frias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
Social Commitment ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases

Child health has been placed at the forefront of international initiatives for development. The adoption of the Millennium Development Goals has propelled worldwide actions to improve maternal and child health. In the course of the year 2000, the Latin American (LA) countries made marked progress in implementing effective newborn and infant life-saving interventions. Under-five mortality in LA fell by a third between 1990 and 2015, with a sharp decline in diarrheal diseases and respiratory infections. Due to the successful immunization programs in the region, some vaccine-preventable diseases have been eliminated. Many of the LA countries have reached nearly universal coverage of childbirths attended by skilled personnel and >80% coverage for antenatal care. In 2015, 18 countries in the region reported the elimination of mother-to-child transmission for both HIV and syphilis. Although the advances in the public agenda aimed at promoting child health and development in Latin American countries are undeniable, unresolved issues remain. While many stillbirths and neonatal deaths could be averted by improving access to antenatal, intra-partum, and postnatal interventions, Latin America has the highest cesarean rate among all regions of the world with an excessive number of such operations without medical indications. The simultaneous lack and excess of cesarean deliveries in LA countries reflects a model of care that excludes a considerable portion of the population and reveals the persistent gaps and inequalities in the region. One of the main challenges to be faced is the lack of sustainable financing mechanisms to provide integrated and high-quality health care to all children, equal education opportunities, and social services to support disadvantaged families. When planning interventions, equity should be restored as the guiding principle of actions to ensure inclusion and social justice. Children represent the future of society in Latin America and elsewhere. For this reason, social commitment to provide universal child health is the genesis of sustainable development and must be an absolute priority.

Co-operatives in Latin America

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Giovannini ◽  
Marcelo Vieta
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Latin American ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Levels Of Support ◽  
Different Levels

This chapter focuses on co-operatives in four representative Latin American countries—Argentina, Chile, Cuba, and Mexico—in order to highlight their historical trajectories, evolutionary trends, and potential for further development. These representative countries reflect the range of co-operative development in Latin America, both historically and contemporaneously. Each country, for instance, shows different paths of co-operative development related to, among other factors, different levels of support by their governments, community-based responses to neoliberal policies, and varying connections to broader social movements and other forms of grass-roots organizations. This chapter will also present a number of experiences that are of particular interest today in the region, such as worker-recuperated enterprises and other forms of workers’nself-management, indigenous co-operatives, community-owned agricultural co-operatives, co-operatives managing general-interest social services, and, most controversially, public-services and work-for-welfare co-operatives created by the state.

scholarly journals O Movimento de Reconceituação no Brasil: O Projeto Profissional da Escola de Serviço Social da Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (1964-1980)

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (40) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Rosângela Batistoni
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Belo Horizonte ◽  
America Latina

Resumo − O resgate histórico e teórico do projeto profissional da Escola de Serviço Social da Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, em Belo Horizonte, constitui um dos subprojetos da pesquisa coletiva O Movimento de Reconceituação do Serviço Social na América Latina (Argentina, Brasil, Chile e Colômbia): determinantes históricos, interlocuções internacionais e memória. Naquela Escola foi formulado o conhecido “Método Belo Horizonte”, expressão do Movimento de Reconceituação latino-americano na particularidade brasileira. Tendo isso em vista, o presente artigo apresenta os eixos, pressupostos e caminhos investigativos na apreensão de suas bases sociopolíticas, privilegiando suas concepções teórico-metodológicas norteadoras, seus vínculos com as forças contestadoras da profissão nos países de língua hispânica, sua experimentação através da extensão e estágios, suas influências e seus desdobramentos para o Serviço Social. Palavras-Chave: Movimento de Reconceituação; ditadura militar; “Método Belo Horizonte”; fundamentos do Serviço Social.  Abstract − Analyzing the experience of the Belo Horizonte School is one of the focuses of the collective research project “The Reconceptualization Movement of Social Services in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Colombia): historical factors, international dialogues and memory.” This school formulated the famous Belo Horizonte method, expression of the Latin American reconceptualization in Brazil. This article presents the axes, assumptions and investigative paths in the apprehension of its socio-political bases, privileging its theoretical-methodological conceptions, its links with the forces challenging the profession in Spanish-speaking countries, its experimentation through extension and stages, and its influences and developments in social work. Keywords: reconceptualization movement; military dictators; Belo Horizonte method; fundamentals of social work.

Pediatria, vols. 1 and 2, by Julio Meneghello. Buenos Aires: Inter-Medica, 1972, 582 pp. and 942 pp., no price given. (In Spanish)

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-481
Author(s):  
Jorge E. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Medical Student ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Child Health Care ◽  
Latin Americans ◽  
And Child Health

This textbook of pediatrics written in Spanish by 112 Latin American specialists is intended for the Latin American medical student and the physician who treats children in his daily practice. It is the first multi-authored pediatrics textbook by Latin Americans and, thus, represents a pioneering effort. It is presented in two volumes with a total of almost 1,600 pages. There are many excellent figures, tables, and, in general, it makes easy reading. Unfortunately, both volumes are numbered starting from page 1 and, as there is a separate index for each one, this leads to confusion. The first 120 pages analyze various aspects of pediatrics peculiar to Latin America, maternal and child health care, and the teaching of pediatrics.

Delivering Drugs to the Poor: Will the TRIPS Amendment Help?

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 107-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Dutfield
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
High Income ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Low And Middle Income ◽  
Hiv Aids

Many of the diseases and health conditions that account for a large part of the disease burden in low- and middle-income countries are far less common in high-income countries. These burdens are primarily associated with infectious diseases, reproductive health, and childhood illnesses. Just eight diseases and conditions account for 29 percent of all deaths in low- and middle-income countries: TB, HIV/AIDS, diarrheal diseases, vaccine-preventable diseases of childhood, malaria, respiratory infections, maternal conditions, and neonatal deaths.Approximately 17.6 million people in low- and middle-income countries die each year from communicable diseases and maternal and neonatal conditions. Both the occurrence of and the death rates from such diseases and conditions are far lower in all high-income countries.Millions of people in developing countries die of diseases for which treatments exist that can relieve suffering and save, or at least prolong, people’s lives. High-profile pandemics like HIV/AIDS understandably attract considerable attention. Millions of people have died of this terrible disease - 2.6 million in 2003 and 2.8 million in 2005, of which Sub-Saharan Africa contributed 1.9 million and 2.0 million respectively. As the above quote makes clear, there are a whole host of diseases that have particularly devastating impacts on the poor.

Migration vs. development? The case of poverty and inequality in Mexico

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustín Escobar Latapi
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Inequality Index ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
And Migration

Although the migration – development nexus is widely recognized as a complex one, it is generally thought that there is a relationship between poverty and emigration, and that remittances lessen inequality. On the basis of Latin American and Mexican data, this chapter intends to show that for Mexico, the exchange of migrants for remittances is among the lowest in Latin America, that extreme poor Mexicans don't migrate although the moderately poor do, that remittances have a small, non-significant impact on the most widely used inequality index of all households and a very large one on the inequality index of remittance-receiving households, and finally that, to Mexican households, the opportunity cost of international migration is higher than remittance income. In summary, there is a relationship between poverty and migration (and vice versa), but this relationship is far from linear, and in some respects may be a perverse one for Mexico and for Mexican households.

Palestinian Diaspora Communities in Latin America and Palestinian Statehood

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-120
Author(s):  
Yousef M. Aljamal ◽  
Philipp O. Amour
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
South America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
The Political ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Latin Americans ◽  
Political Views ◽  
The Right

There are some 700,000 Latin Americans of Palestinian origin, living in fourteen countries of South America. In particular, Palestinian diaspora communities have a considerable presence in Chile, Honduras, and El Salvador. Many members of these communities belong to the professional middle classes, a situation which enables them to play a prominent role in the political and economic life of their countries. The article explores the evolving attitudes of Latin American Palestinians towards the issue of Palestinian statehood. It shows the growing involvement of these communities in Palestinian affairs and their contribution in recent years towards the wide recognition of Palestinian rights — including the right to self-determination and statehood — in Latin America. But the political views of members of these communities also differ considerably about the form and substance of a Palestinian statehood and on the issue of a two-states versus one-state solution.

Sorting Out the Mixed Economy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy C. Offner
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
New Deal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Associations ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
The Road ◽  
Social Welfare Programs ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The New Deal

In the years after 1945, a flood of U.S. advisors swept into Latin America with dreams of building a new economic order and lifting the Third World out of poverty. These businessmen, economists, community workers, and architects went south with the gospel of the New Deal on their lips, but Latin American realities soon revealed unexpected possibilities within the New Deal itself. In Colombia, Latin Americans and U.S. advisors ended up decentralizing the state, privatizing public functions, and launching austere social welfare programs. By the 1960s, they had remade the country's housing projects, river valleys, and universities. They had also generated new lessons for the United States itself. When the Johnson administration launched the War on Poverty, U.S. social movements, business associations, and government agencies all promised to repatriate the lessons of development, and they did so by multiplying the uses of austerity and for-profit contracting within their own welfare state. A decade later, ascendant right-wing movements seeking to dismantle the midcentury state did not need to reach for entirely new ideas: they redeployed policies already at hand. This book brings readers to Colombia and back, showing the entanglement of American societies and the contradictory promises of midcentury statebuilding. The untold story of how the road from the New Deal to the Great Society ran through Latin America, the book also offers a surprising new account of the origins of neoliberalism.

Nesting Expectations: What Can the Mexican and Argentinean Cash Transfers Tell Us about the Development of Development?

1969 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-169
Author(s):  
Andrés Dapuez
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfers ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Transfer Programs

Latin American cash transfer programs have been implemented aiming at particular anticipatory scenarios. Given that the fulfillment of cash transfer objectives can be calculated neither empirically nor rationally a priori, I analyse these programs in this article using the concept of an “imaginary future.” I posit that cash transfer implementers in Latin America have entertained three main fictional expectations: social pacification in the short term, market inclusion in the long term, and the construction of a more distributive society in the very long term. I classify and date these developing expectations into three waves of conditional cash transfers implementation.

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