scholarly journals FGF and TGFβ signaling link form and function during jaw development and evolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 444 ◽  
pp. S219-S236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine C. Woronowicz ◽  
Stephanie E. Gline ◽  
Safa T. Herfat ◽  
Aaron J. Fields ◽  
Richard A. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Tgfβ Signaling ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Development And Evolution ◽  
Jaw Development

scholarly journals Developmental Mechanisms Linking Form and Function During Jaw Evolution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine C. Woronowicz ◽  
Stephanie E. Gline ◽  
Safa T. Herfat ◽  
Aaron J. Fields ◽  
Richard A. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
Mechanical Force ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Tgfβ Signaling ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Tendon Insertion ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
And Function ◽  
Development And Evolution

AbstractHow does form arise during development and change during evolution? How does form relate to function, and what enables embryonic structures to presage their later use in adults? To address these questions, we leverage the distinct functional morphology of the jaw in duck, chick, and quail. In connection with their specialized mode of feeding, duck develop a secondary cartilage at the tendon insertion of their jaw adductor muscle on the mandible. An equivalent cartilage is absent in chick and quail. We hypothesize that species-specific jaw architecture and mechanical forces promote secondary cartilage in duck through the differential regulation of FGF and TGFβ signaling. First, we perform transplants between chick and duck embryos and demonstrate that the ability of neural crest mesenchyme (NCM) to direct the species-specific insertion of muscle and the formation of secondary cartilage depends upon the amount and spatial distribution of NCM-derived connective tissues. Second, we quantify motility and build finite element models of the jaw complex in duck and quail, which reveals a link between species-specific jaw architecture and the predicted mechanical force environment. Third, we investigate the extent to which mechanical load mediates FGF and TGFβ signaling in the duck jaw adductor insertion, and discover that both pathways are mechano-responsive and required for secondary cartilage formation. Additionally, we find that FGF and TGFβ signaling can also induce secondary cartilage in the absence of mechanical force or in the adductor insertion of quail embryos. Thus, our results provide novel insights on molecular, cellular, and biomechanical mechanisms that couple musculoskeletal form and function during development and evolution.

ORTHODONTIC PROBLEMS IN PEDIATRIC PRACTICE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-721
Author(s):  
T. M. GRABER
Keyword(s):  
Normal Development ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Dental Arch ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Facial Growth ◽  
Pediatric Practice ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Developmental Disturbances ◽  
And Function ◽  
Jaw Development

ONE of the most important phases of oral health is the form and function of the oral mechanism. That specialty of dentistry which has as its goal the correction of dental malformations and restoration of the continuity and proper function of the teeth and jaws is called orthodontics. While parents have long been concerned with the obvious esthetic disabilities of malposed teeth, the pathologic implications of these malposed teeth have been the primary concern of the orthodontist. Frequently, tooth malpositions or dental malocclusions reflect growth and developmental disturbances of the upper and lower jaws. Crooked teeth are unsightly, but more important, they probably are functioning improperly, or not at all, which seriously impairs the health and longevity of the teeth and investing tissues. Recent studies of facial growth indicate that dental malocclusions may be grouped in three morphologic categories, on the basis of jaw development and individual tooth malpositions. First, are those types of disturbances which are primarily skeletal in nature. These are problems where the maxilla or mandible has assumed an abnormal relationship to one another, usually through an upset in the timetable of normal development. The teeth in each dental arch may be normal in their position when compared to their respective jaws, but the abnormal jaw relationship means that the upper and lower teeth meet improperly during mastication, deglutition and speech. The second group consists of relatively local disturbances, with the teeth malposed, but with normal jaw relationship. The third group is a combination of the first two, with both improper jaw relationship and with teeth in abnormal positions. Within these three broad categories one may find all sorts of tooth malpositions and jaw relationships; the premaxillary segment may be displaced anteriorly, the whole lower dental arch may be retruded, the upper cuspids may be erupting in the palate, etc. Such conditions may be separate or occur in combination.

scholarly journals Morphology and behaviour: functional links in development and evolution

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1574) ◽  
pp. 2056-2068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinaldo C. Bertossa
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Evolutionary Developmental Biology ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Biological Hierarchy ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
And Function ◽  
Evo Devo ◽  
Versus Behaviour ◽  
Development And Evolution

Development and evolution of animal behaviour and morphology are frequently addressed independently, as reflected in the dichotomy of disciplines dedicated to their study distinguishing object of study (morphology versus behaviour) and perspective (ultimate versus proximate). Although traits are known to develop and evolve semi-independently, they are matched together in development and evolution to produce a unique functional phenotype. Here I highlight similarities shared by both traits, such as the decisive role played by the environment for their ontogeny. Considering the widespread developmental and functional entanglement between both traits, many cases of adaptive evolution are better understood when proximate and ultimate explanations are integrated. A field integrating these perspectives is evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo), which studies the developmental basis of phenotypic diversity. Ultimate aspects in evo-devo studies—which have mostly focused on morphological traits—could become more apparent when behaviour, ‘the integrator of form and function’, is integrated into the same framework of analysis. Integrating a trait such as behaviour at a different level in the biological hierarchy will help to better understand not only how behavioural diversity is produced, but also how levels are connected to produce functional phenotypes and how these evolve. A possible framework to accommodate and compare form and function at different levels of the biological hierarchy is outlined. At the end, some methodological issues are discussed.

scholarly journals Species-specific sensitivity to TGFβ signaling and changes to the Mmp13 promoter underlie avian jaw development and evolution

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spenser S Smith ◽  
Daniel Chu ◽  
Tiange Qu ◽  
Richard A Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Tgfβ Signaling ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 ◽  
Smad Binding Element ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Development And Evolution ◽  
Jaw Development

Developmental control of jaw length is critical for survival. The jaw skeleton arises from neural crest mesenchyme and previously we demonstrated that these progenitors upregulate bone-resorbing enzymes including Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (Mmp13) when generating short quail beaks versus long duck bills. Inhibiting bone resorption or Mmp13 increases jaw length. Here, we uncover mechanisms establishing species-specific levels of Mmp13 and bone resorption. Quail show greater activation of, and sensitivity to Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGFβ) signaling than duck; where mediators like SMADs and targets like Runx2, which bind Mmp13, become elevated. Inhibiting TGFβ signaling decreases bone resorption. We discover a SMAD binding element in the quail Mmp13 promoter not found in duck and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near a RUNX2 binding element that affect expression. Switching the SNPs and SMAD site abolishes TGFβ-sensitivity in the quail Mmp13 promoter but makes duck responsive. Thus, differential regulation of TGFβ signaling and Mmp13 promoter structure underlie avian jaw development and evolution.

scholarly journals Microbiomes In Natura : Importance of Invertebrates in Understanding the Natural Variety of Animal-Microbe Interactions

mSystems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian M. Petersen ◽  
Jay Osvatic
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Group Interest ◽  
Invertebrate Animals ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Function ◽  
Development And Evolution

ABSTRACT Animals evolved in a world teeming with microbes, which play pivotal roles in their health, development, and evolution. Although the overwhelming majority of living animals are invertebrates, the minority of “microbiome” studies focus on this group. Interest in invertebrate-microbe interactions is 2-fold—a range of immune components are conserved across almost all animal (including human) life, and their functional roles may be conserved. Thus, understanding cross talk between microbes and invertebrate animals can lead to insights of broader relevance. Invertebrates offer unique opportunities to “eavesdrop” on intricate host-microbe conversations because they tend to associate with fewer microbes. On the other hand, considering the vast diversity of form and function that has evolved in the invertebrates, they likely evolved an equally diverse range of ways to interact with beneficial microbes. We have investigated only a few of these interactions in detail; thus, there is still great potential for fundamentally new discoveries.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

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