Elite endurance athletes are used to train under hypoxic/high-altitude conditions, which can elicit certain stress responses in skeletal muscle and helps to improve their physical performance. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates cellular redox homeostasis and metabolism in skeletal muscle, playing important roles in adaptation to various stresses. In this study, Nrf2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were preconditioned to 48 h of hypoxia exposure (11.2% oxygen), and the effects of hypoxia preconditioning (HP) on exercise capacity and exercise-induced changes of antioxidant status, energetic metabolism, and mitochondrial adaptation in skeletal muscle were evaluated. Nrf2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia for 48 h before taking incremental treadmill exercise to exhaustion under hypoxia. The skeletal muscles were collected immediately after the incremental treadmill exercise to evaluate the impacts of HP and Nrf2 on the exercise-induced changes. The results indicate the absence of Nrf2 did not affect exercise capacity, although the mRNA expression of certain muscular genes involved in antioxidant, glycogen and fatty acid catabolism was decreased in Nrf2 KO mice. However, 48-h HP enhanced exercise capacity in WT mice but not in Nrf2 KO mice, and the exercise capacity of WT mice was significantly higher than that of Nrf2 KO mice. These findings suggest HP promotes exercise capacity of mice with the participation of the Nrf2 signal in skeletal muscle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypoxia preconditioning (HP) activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signal, which was involved in HP-elicited adaptation responses to hypoxia, oxidative, and metabolic stresses in skeletal muscle. On the other hand, Nrf2 deficiency abolished the enhanced exercise capacity after the 48-h HP. Our results indicate that Nrf2 plays an essential role in the exercise capacity-enhancing effect of HP, possibly by modulating muscular antioxidative responses, the mRNA expression of muscular genes involved in glycogen and fatty acid metabolism, as well as mitochondrial biogenesis, and through the cross talk with AMPK and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α signaling.
Temperature and the expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) and myosin heavy chain isoforms during embryogenesis in the common carp Cyprinus carpio L.