scholarly journals BENEFITS OF AN ANIMAL TRACEABILITY SYSTEM FOR A FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE OUTBREAK: A SUPPLY-DRIVEN SOCIAL ACCOUNTING MATRIX APPROACH

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAN-KEUN KIM ◽  
C. MICHAEL UKKESTAD ◽  
HERNAN A. TEJEDA ◽  
DEEVON BAILEY
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Social Accounting Matrix ◽  
Social Accounting ◽  
Traceability System ◽  
Spread Model ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis study reports the findings for an analysis using the computer program NAADSM (North American Animal Disease Spread Model) and a supply-driven social accounting matrix to examine the impact of a hypothetical foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in a relatively isolated part of the United States, Utah, under various levels of livestock traceability. The analysis demonstrates that a significant regional economic impact in Utah would result from an FMD outbreak but that improved levels of traceability would be very important in helping to reduce the negative economic consequences of the outbreak.

scholarly journals A Simulation Study of the Use of Vaccination to Control Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks Across Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim R. Capon ◽  
Michael G. Garner ◽  
Sorada Tapsuwan ◽  
Sharon Roche ◽  
Andrew C. Breed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Stakeholder Consultation ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Spread Model ◽  
Foot And Mouth

This study examines the potential for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control strategies that incorporate vaccination to manage FMD spread for a range of incursion scenarios across Australia. Stakeholder consultation was used to formulate control strategies and incursion scenarios to ensure relevance to the diverse range of Australian livestock production regions and management systems. The Australian Animal Disease Spread model (AADIS) was used to compare nine control strategies for 13 incursion scenarios, including seven control strategies incorporating vaccination. The control strategies with vaccination differed in terms of their approaches for targeting areas and species. These strategies are compared with two benchmark strategies based on stamping out only. Outbreak size and duration were compared in terms of the total number of infected premises, the duration of the control stage of an FMD outbreak, and the number of vaccinated animals. The three key findings from this analysis are as follows: (1) smaller outbreaks can be effectively managed by stamping out without vaccination, (2) the size and duration of larger outbreaks can be significantly reduced when vaccination is used, and (3) different vaccination strategies produced similar reductions in the size and duration of an outbreak, but the number of animals vaccinated varied. Under current international standards for regaining FMD-free status, vaccinated animals need to be removed from the population at the end of the outbreak to minimize trade impacts. We have shown that selective, targeted vaccination strategies could achieve effective FMD control while significantly reducing the number of animals vaccinated.

scholarly journals Realistic assumptions about spatial locations and clustering of premises matter for models of foot-and-mouth disease spread in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e1007641
Author(s):  
Stefan Sellman ◽  
Michael J. Tildesley ◽  
Christopher L. Burdett ◽  
Ryan S. Miller ◽  
Clayton Hallman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Spatial Locations

scholarly journals A47 Reconstructing the evolutionary history of pandemic foot-and-mouth disease viruses: The impact of recombination within the emerging O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Bachanek-Bankowska ◽  
A Di Nardo ◽  
J Wadsworth ◽  
D King ◽  
N Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Far East ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of livestock affecting animal production and trade throughout Asia and Africa. Understanding FMD virus (FMDV) global movements and evolution can help to reconstruct the disease spread between endemic regions and predict the risks of incursion into FMD-free countries. Global expansion of a single FMDV lineage is rare but can result in severe economic consequences. Using extensive sequence data, we have reconstructed the global space-time transmission history of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage (which normally circulates in the Indian sub-continent) providing evidence of at least fifteen independent escapes during 2013–7 that have led to outbreaks in North Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and the Far East and the FMD-free islands of Mauritius. We demonstrated that sequence heterogeneity of this emerging FMDV lineage is accommodated within two co-evolving divergent sublineages, and that recombination by exchange of capsid-coding sequences can impact upon the reconstructed evolutionary histories. Thus, we recommend that only sequences encoding the outer capsid proteins should be used for broad-scale phylogeographical reconstruction. These data emphasize the importance of the Indian subcontinent as a source of FMDV that can spread across large distances and illustrates the impact of FMDV genome recombination on FMDV molecular epidemiology.

scholarly journals What Are the Human Resources Required to Control a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreak in Austria?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Marschik ◽  
Ian Kopacka ◽  
Simon Stockreiter ◽  
Friedrich Schmoll ◽  
Jörg Hiesel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Spread Model ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Operational Activities

Contingency planning allows veterinary authorities to prepare a rapid response in the event of a disease outbreak. A recently published foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) simulation study indicated concerns whether capacity was sufficient to control a potential FMD epidemic in Austria. The objectives of the study presented here were to estimate the human resources required to implement FMD control measures and to identify areas of the operational activities that could potentially delay successful control of the disease. The stochastic spatial simulation model EuFMDiS (The European Foot-and-Mouth Disease Spread Model) was used to simulate a potential FMD outbreak and its economic impact, including different control scenarios based on variations of culling, vaccination, and pre-emptive depopulation. In this context, the utilization of human resources was assessed based on the associated EuFMDiS output regarding the performance of operational activities. The assessments show that the number of personnel needed in an outbreak with a stamping-out policy would reach the peak at the end of the second week of control with a median of 540 (257–926) individuals, out of which 31% would be veterinarians. Approximately 58% of these human resources would be attributable to surveillance, followed by staff for cleaning and disinfection activities. Our analysis demonstrates that, of the operational activities, surveillance personnel were the largest factor influencing the magnitude of the outbreak. The aim of the assessment presented here is to assist veterinary authorities in the contingency planning of required human resources to respond effectively to an outbreak of animal diseases such as FMD.

A vision of pig production in the UK

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 85-88
Author(s):  
J. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pig Production ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Uk

PreambleWhile preparing to write a vision of pig production in the UK, the fragility of crystal ball gazing became apparent, when in February 2001, the nightmare scenario of Foot and Mouth disease broke. The problem appears to have started on a pig farm using swill feed in Northumberland and within weeks, primarily associated with the farmer's failure to report a problem and legal but uncontrolled sheep movement, Foot and Mouth Disease spread throughout the West of England, Wales and the South West of Scotland as well as closing a major slaughterhouse for adult pigs. The disease then spread into continental Europe, causing instant havoc to export markets for the UK and then over the whole of the European Union. Had the problem prevented Denmark from exporting globally for any period, this would have resulted in severe price depression in pig production in Europe. And all this in the year following East Anglia's savaging with Classical Swine Fever.The Foot and Mouth epidemic in the UK is likely to have a long term impact on the country's export capabilities; already there are threats of five year bans from countries like the United States of America. Much will depend on whether natural wildlife, such as deer, have become infected and how effective we are at finding carrier animals.

scholarly journals Novel antibody binding determinants on the capsid surface of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 1104-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin S. Asfor ◽  
Sasmita Upadhyaya ◽  
Nick J. Knowles ◽  
Donald P. King ◽  
David J. Paton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Antigenic Sites ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
The Impact

Five neutralizing antigenic sites have been described for serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) based on monoclonal antibody (mAb) escape mutant studies. However, a mutant virus selected to escape neutralization of mAb binding at all five sites was previously shown to confer complete cross-protection with the parental virus in guinea pig challenge studies, suggesting that amino acid residues outside the mAb binding sites contribute to antibody-mediated in vivo neutralization of FMDV. Comparison of the ability of bovine antisera to neutralize a panel of serotype O FMDV identified three novel putative sites at VP2-74, VP2-191 and VP3-85, where amino acid substitutions correlated with changes in sero-reactivity. The impact of these positions was tested using site-directed mutagenesis to effect substitutions at critical amino acid residues within an infectious copy of FMDV O1 Kaufbeuren (O1K). Recovered viruses containing additional mutations at VP2-74 and VP2-191 exhibited greater resistance to neutralization with both O1K guinea pig and O BFS bovine antisera than a virus that was engineered to include only mutations at the five known antigenic sites. The changes at VP2-74 and VP3-85 are adjacent to critical amino acids that define antigenic sites 2 and 4, respectively. However VP2-191 (17 Å away from VP2-72), located at the threefold axis and more distant from previously identified antigenic sites, exhibited the most profound effect. These findings extend our knowledge of the surface features of the FMDV capsid known to elicit neutralizing antibodies, and will improve our strategies for vaccine strain selection and rational vaccine design.

United States – Measures Affecting the Importation of Animals, Meat and Other Animal Products from Argentina (US–Animals, DS447)

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-169
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Carlson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Free Region ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Following an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Argentina in 2001, the United States maintained import prohibitions on certain animals and animal products from Argentina. In this dispute, Argentina challenged two sets of measures: (1) the United States' prohibition on importation of fresh (chilled or frozen) beef from a portion of northern Argentina and on the importation of animals, meat, and other animal products from the Patagonia region as a consequence of the failure to recognize Patagonia as an FMD-free region; and (2) the undue delay of the United States’ application of certain regulatory procedures under which the United States assessed Argentina's requests for re-authorization to import fresh (chilled or frozen) beef from a certain area of northern Argentina and for the recognition of the Patagonia region as FMD-free.

Business Reactions to the 2001 Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak in Scotland

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Kenyon ◽  
Alana Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Business Managers ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shed Light

The paper focuses on two aspects of the 2001 foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in Scotland that have been largely ignored: first, business managers perceptions of the impact of FMD during and immediately after the outbreak; and second, reactions to the outbreak in terms of action taken by businesses and advice sought. A panel survey of non-farm businesses conducted in April, June and September of 2001 is analysed to shed light on these issues. We find that even at the time, the vast majority of businesses did not report any real impact, although businesses in rural areas and in the tourism industry were more likely to feel some impact - either positive or negative. We show that business managers appeared to favour private sources of advice, although some public sources were found to be very useful, and that some actions, such as increased advertising in tourism businesses, could be more effective than others, such as making redundancies. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the findings for contingency planning in the event of future FMD outbreaks.

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