scholarly journals Prospective Memory After Stroke: A Scoping Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christy Hogan ◽  
Jennifer Fleming ◽  
Petrea Cornwell ◽  
David Shum
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Retrospective Memory ◽  
Single Item ◽  
Study Methodology ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

The aim of this paper was to review the limited, but growing, literature on prospective memory (PM) following stroke using a scoping study methodology. Multiple databases were systematically searched and yielded 11 studies that were classified as observational (n = 7) or intervention studies (n = 4) and reviewed for quality. PM impairment after stroke was more commonly identified using behavioural measures compared to self-report measures. There were mixed findings regarding the extent and nature of PM impairment poststroke; however, more studies reported impairment for time-based PM, compared to both event- and activity-based PM. Studies examining rehabilitative techniques for PM resulted in mixed findings and were limited as most were case studies of poor methodological quality. Overall previous research in this area was limited as most studies were often underpowered due to small sample sizes, or used single-item measures which may not be robust enough to reliably measure PM impairment. Additionally, the methods used to measure PM were varied and many studies did not control for retrospective memory impairment, which could impact the results, as PM has both a retrospective (remembering both the action and when it needs to be completed) and prospective component (remembering to perform the action when appropriate). In conclusion, PM impairment is apparent poststroke, specifically for time-based PM. However, more research is needed to determine why PM impairment occurs, and how it can be improved.

Systematic Review of Pre-Injury Migraine Disorder as a Risk Factor for Worse Outcome Following Sport-Related Concussion

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 754-754
Author(s):  
D P Terry ◽  
A J Gardner ◽  
G L Iverson
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Clinical Recovery ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Sport Athlete ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Abstract Purpose This systematic review examined clinical outcomes (i.e., prognosis) following a sport-related concussion in athletes who have a pre-injury history of migraines. Clinical recovery was defined functionally as recovery from symptoms or full return to activities following injury. Data Selection All studies published prior to February 2019 that addressed pre-injury migraines as a possible predictor of clinical recovery from concussion were included. Broadly, the search included (i) sport/athlete-related terms, (ii) concussion-related terms, and (iii) diverse predictor/modifier terms. The following databases were utilized: PubMed, PsycINFO®, MEDLINE®, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science. After removing duplicates from the 9,372 identified articles, 5,888 abstracts were screened, 358 full-text articles were reviewed, and 15 articles examining pre-injury migraines as a predictor of recovery were included. Data Synthesis Most articles examined pre-injury migraines as an exploratory/secondary predictor of concussion outcome. Migraine history was predominantly based on self-report. Studies included minimal other information about this condition (e.g., age of onset, migraine frequency/severity, past treatment). Methodological rigor varied greatly across studies. Most studies did not find pre-injury migraines to be associated with concussion outcome, but several of these studies had small or very small sample sizes. Larger, better-designed studies suggested pre-injury migraines may be a risk factor for worse concussion outcome. Effect sizes were rarely reported or able to be calculated. Conclusion There is some evidence to suggest pre-injury migraines may be a vulnerability factor for a prolonged recovery following concussion. Future studies should focus on improving methodological quality when assessing the relationship between pre-injury migraines and concussion outcome.

Dementia praecox redux: A systematic review of the nicotinic receptor as a target for cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arann R Rowe ◽  
Louise Mercer ◽  
Valentina Casetti ◽  
Kyra-Verena Sendt ◽  
Giovanni Giaroli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Sample ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Allosteric Modulators ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Negative Findings ◽  
Study Methodology ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Future Work

Most individuals with schizophrenia suffer some cognitive dysfunction: such deficits are predictive of longer-term functioning; and current dopamine-blocking antipsychotics have made little impact on this domain. There is a pressing need to develop novel pharmacological agents to tackle this insidious but most disabling of problems. The acetylcholinergic system is involved in cognitive and attentional processing, and its metabotropic and nicotinic receptors are widespread throughout the brain. Deficits in acetylcholinergic functioning occur in schizophrenia, and high rates of tobacco smoking have been posited to represent a form of self-medication. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) has emerged as a putative target to improve cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, and this study systematically reviewed the emerging data. Nineteen studies were identified, covering three compound classes: agonists at the α7 and α 4β2 nAChRs, and positive allosteric modulators. Overall data are underwhelming: some studies showed significant improvements in cognition but as many studies had negative findings. It remains unclear if this represents drug limitations or nascent study methodology problems. The literature is particularly hindered by variability in inclusion of smokers, generally small sample sizes, and a lack of consensus on cognitive test batteries. Future work should evaluate longer-term outcomes, and, particularly, the effects of concomitant cognitive training.

scholarly journals Are the Biological and Biomechanical Properties of Meniscal Scaffolds Reflected in Clinical Practice? A Systematic Review of the Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanuka Ranmuthu ◽  
Charindu Ranmuthu ◽  
Jodie Russell ◽  
Disha Singhania ◽  
Wasim Khan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Study Methodology ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
The Ideal

The aim of this PRISMA review was to assess whether the CMI and Actifit scaffolds, when used in clinical practice, improve clinical outcomes and demonstrate the ideal biological and biomechanical properties of scaffolds: being chondroprotective, porous, resorbable, able to mature and promote regeneration of tissue. This was done by only including studies that assessed clinical outcome and used a scale to assess both integrity of the scaffold and its effects on articular cartilage via MRI. A search was performed on PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and clinicaltrials.gov. 2457 articles were screened, from which eight studies were selected: four used Actifit, three used CMI and one compared the two. All studies reported significant improvement in at least one clinical outcome compared to baseline. Some studies suggested that the scaffolds appeared to show porosity, mature, resorb and/or have possible chondroprotective effects, as assessed by MRI. The evidence for clinical translation is limited by differences in study methodology and small sample sizes, but is promising in terms of improving clinical outcomes in the short to mid-term. Higher level evidence, with MRI and histological evaluation of the scaffold and articular cartilage, is now needed to further determine whether these scaffolds exhibit these useful properties.

scholarly journals Economic evaluations of palliative care models: A systematic review

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Mathew ◽  
Amy T. Hsu ◽  
Michelle Prentice ◽  
Peter Lawlor ◽  
Kwadwo Kyeremanteng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Care Models ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Background: Palliative care aims to improve quality of life by relieving physical, emotional, and spiritual suffering. Health system planning can be informed by evaluating cost and effectiveness of health care delivery, including palliative care. Aim: The objectives of this article were to describe and critically appraise economic evaluations of palliative care models and to identify cost-effective models in improving patient-centered outcomes. Design: We conducted a systematic review and registered our protocol in PROSPERO (CRD42016053973). Data sources: A systematic search of nine medical and economic databases was conducted and extended with reference scanning and gray literature. Methodological quality was assessed using the Drummond checklist. Results: We identified 12,632 articles and 5 were included. We included two modeling studies from the United States and England, and three economic evaluations from England, Australia, and Italy. Two studies compared home-based palliative care models to usual care, and one compared home-based palliative care to no care. Effectiveness outcomes included hospital readmission prevented, days at home, and palliative care symptom severity. All studies concluded that palliative care was cost-effective compared to usual care. The methodological quality was good overall, but three out of five studies were based on small sample sizes. Conclusion: Applicability and generalizability of evidence is uncertain due to small sample sizes, short duration, and limited modeling of costs and effects. Further economic evaluations with larger sample sizes are needed, inclusive of the diversity and complexity of palliative care populations and using patient-centered outcomes.

scholarly journals The Assessment and Prediction of Prospective Memory after Stroke

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 873-882
Author(s):  
Christy Hogan ◽  
Petrea Cornwell ◽  
Jennifer Fleming ◽  
David H. K. Shum
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Strategy Use ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Retrospective Memory ◽  
Metacognitive Skill ◽  
Note Taking ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
Global Cognitive Function ◽  
Event Based

AbstractObjective:Prospective memory (PM) is the memory used when intentions are to be carried out in the future. Little research has been conducted examining PM after stroke. This study aimed to determine if PM is impaired after stroke through comparison of individuals with stroke to healthy controls. Additionally, it aimed to explore the predictors of PM performance post-stroke.Method:Twenty-eight individuals with stroke and 27 neurologically healthy controls completed the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT), 2 self-report PM questionnaires, and multiple cognitive measures.Results:Individuals with stroke performed significantly lower on both event- and time-based PM than controls on the CAMPROMPT, indicating PM impairment. Event-based PM after stroke was significantly predicted by age, retrospective memory (RM), and global cognitive function, whereas time-based PM was only predicted by the metacognitive skill of note-taking. Age and note-taking predicted time-based PM for controls, whereas only age predicted event-based PM for control participants.Conclusions:The findings of this study have helped to confirm that PM impairment does exist after stroke, particularly when using a standardised PM measure. Furthermore, PM impairment may be predicted by variables, such as age, strategy use, RM, and cognitive ability.

scholarly journals Diethylpropion and mazindol: An end to the discussion?

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Camila Lucchetta ◽  
Bruno Salgado Riveros ◽  
Roberto Pontarolo ◽  
Rosana Bento Radominski ◽  
Michel Fleith Otuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Drug Class ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Appetite Suppressants ◽  
Medical Societies ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Summary Antiobesity pharmacotherapy remains the main point of disagreement among both scientists and regulators. This is probably due to small sample sizes, high levels of heterogeneity, and low methodological quality. For many years, Brazil was one of the largest consumers of appetite suppressants worldwide, with evidence of irrational use of this drug class. Therefore, the country was the scene of a debate that divided the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa - Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária) and medical societies over the maintenance record of diethylpropion, mazindol and fenproporex. In this context, this commentary presents new arguments to contribute to the discussion, as well as recommendations for future studies.

Design-Effects in Prospective and Retrospective Memory for Actions

2003 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Jahn ◽  
Johannes Engelkamp
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Prospective Memory Task ◽  
Retrospective Memory ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Relational Information ◽  
Design Effects ◽  
Verbal Tasks ◽  
Within Subjects

There is ample evidence that memory for action phrases such as “open the bottle” is better in subject-performed tasks (SPTs), i.e., if the participants perform the actions, than in verbal tasks (VTs), if they only read the phrases or listen to them. It is less clear whether also the sole intention to perform the actions later, i.e., a prospective memory task (PT), improves memory compared with VTs. Inconsistent findings have been reported for within-subjects and between-subjects designs. The present study attempts to clarify the situation. In three experiments, better recall for SPTs than for PTs and for PTs than for VTs were observed if mixed lists were used. If pure lists were used, there was a PT effect but no SPT over PT advantage. The findings were discussed from the perspective of item-specific and relational information.

Older age exacerbates prospective memory impairment in HIV

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Woods ◽  
◽  
Catherine L. Carey ◽  
Matthew S. Dawson ◽  
Lisa M. Moran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Prospective Memory Impairment
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