Completed in 1951, the St. Mary Dam enables water storage and diversion for irrigation; river flows downstream are consequently dramatically reduced during summer months. To assess historical changes in the abundance of riparian cottonwoods (Populus balsamifera, Populus angustifolia, and a few Populus deltoides), airphoto analyses were conducted for 40-km river reaches upstream and downstream from the dam and along adjacent dammed and undammed rivers. Cottonwoods along the lower St. Mary River are confined by steep-walled canyons to narrow bands and consequently analyses of the lineal river distance associated with cottonwoods were conducted. These revealed a 68% decline from 1951 to 1985. The decline was progressive, with 28.9, 27.6, 15.1, and 7.6% of the reach associated with cottonwoods in 1951, 1961, 1981, and 1985, respectively. Ground surveys from 1985 to 1994 indicated further decline after 1985 and an absence of cottonwood seedlings and saplings. Cottonwood stands upstream from the St. Mary Dam and along adjacent rivers are more extensive and analyses of the areal extent of stands were consequently appropriate. These indicated minor change along the upper St. Mary (−0.5%), the upper (+1.9%) and lower Waterton (+3.5%), and the upper Belly (−9.1%) rivers, and an increase in forest abundance along the lower Belly River (+52.2%), between 1951 and 1985. Thus, the decline of cottonwoods along the lower St. Mary River was not symptomatic of a general pattern of decline in the region. Analyses of historical stream flows indicated that the cottonwood mortality was drought induced as a result of insufficient flows during the hot, dry summer periods and abrupt flow reductions following the high-flow period in the late spring. The riparian water table was determined to be closely coordinated with river stage, as changes in river elevation were followed by quantitatively similar changes in water table depth. Along the St. Mary River, reduced sedimentation downstream from the dam was not considered to be responsible for the cottonwood decline. The historically sparse cottonwood abundance along the lower St. Mary River may have reflected environmental conditions that were naturally only marginally suitable, and those groves may have been particularly vulnerable to the impacts of river flow regulation. Key words: Populus, cottonwoods, instream flows, mortality, riparian vegetation.
Temperature affected the formation of arbuscular mycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizas in Populus angustifolia seedlings more than a mild drought