Bionomics and Control of the Indian Sugar-cane Leaf-hopper, Pyrilla perpusilla, Wlk. (Rhynchota, Fulg.) in the Punjab

1940 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khan A. Rahman ◽  
Ram Nath
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Coccinella Septempunctata ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Nymphal Stage ◽  
Leaf Hopper ◽  
Glucose Ratio ◽  
Pyrilla Perpusilla ◽  
And Control

Pyrilla perpusilla, Wlk., is one of the most destructive sugar-cane pests in the Punjab. It is widely distributed and, in addition to sugar-cane, it also feeds on wheat, barley, oats, maize, “chari” and a number of grasses.Descriptions of the egg, nymphal and adult stages are given.A female can lay 773 eggs in its life-time. The eggs are laid in clusters on the food-plants and are covered with whitish fluffy material. The egg stage occupies 7–12 days during April–October and 20–41 days during November–March. There are five nymphal instars. The nymphal stage occupies 24–65 days during April–September and 78–208 days during October–March.Both adults and nymphs do damage. They prefer to feed on those varieties of sugar-cane which have broad, fleshy and succulent leaves and thick, soft stems. As a result of their feeding sucrose is reduced by as much as 34·2 per cent., while the glucose ratio may be trebled.The pest is parasitised by the following insects:—Ooencyrtus papilionis, Ashm., Tetrastichus pyrillae, Craw., and Lestrodryinus pyrillae, Kieff. (Hymenoptera); and Pyrilloxenos compactus, Pierce (Stylopidae). The following are predacious upon it: Brumus suturalis, F., Chilomenes sexmaculatus, F., Coccinella septempunctata, L., and C. undecimpunctata, L. (Col.), and Epipyrops sp. (Lep.). The incidence and duration of the life-cycles of these parasites and predators are given.To control the pest the following measures are suggested:—(1) Destruction of the adults by hand nets during April; (2) destruction of the eggs by crushing during April; (3) destruction of the nymphs by a new hopperdozer during November–March; (4) dusting with nicotine dust or spraying with nicotine sulphate-fish oil soap mixture.

New Species and Records of Diatraea Guilding and Zeadiatraea Box from Mexico, Central and South America (Lepid., Pyral.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold E. Box
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Unknown Male

Records are given of the localities (with altitudes) of approximately 900 specimens representing 21 species of Diatraea Guild, and four species of Zeadiatraea Box, from Mexico, Central and South America. Most of the moths were reared from known food-plants (all Gramineae) and the larvae of several of them are important agricultural pests as stalk-borers in sugar-cane and maize.Three species of Diatraea are described as new to science and their genitalia are figured, viz., colombiana, sp.n. (Colombia), balboana, sp.n. (Panama) and veracruzana, sp.n. (Mexico). The previously unknown male of D. instructella Dyar (Mexico) is described and its genitalia figured. These moths (except colombiana) are illustrated in the Plate. An attempt is made to clarify the confusion which has existed concerning D. magnifactella Dyar and the closely related D. considerata Heinrich, both of which are endemic in Mexico, but each with its own area of distribution without overlapping. The paper includes additional records and observations on the polytypic D. busckella Dyar & Heinrich and certain of its subspecies in Panama and Venezuela, previously discussed by the writer in this journal in 1951.

scholarly journals Comparative study of the areas of osteochondral defects produced in the femoral condyles of rabbits treated with gel of sugarcane biopolymer

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 383-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Cezar Vidal Carneiro de Albuquerque ◽  
José Lamartine de Andrade Aguiar ◽  
Saulo Monteiro dos Santos ◽  
Nicodemus Pontes Filho ◽  
Roberto José Vieira de Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Osteochondral Defects ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
Natural Healing ◽  
Femoral Condyles

PURPOSE: To measure the healed areas of osteochondral defects produced in femoral condyles of rabbits filled with biopolymer sugar cane gel and to compare these with those of the control group at 90, 120 and 180 days. METHODS: A study was made of 16 New Zealand rabbits, 6 and 7 months old, weighing between 2 and 2.5 kg. Defects of 3.2 x 4 mm were made, with trephine, in the femoral condyles of the right and left knees. As to the study group defects of the medial and lateral condyles of the right knee were used which were filled with Biopolymer Sugar Cane Gel; as to the Control Group defects of the medial and lateral condyles of the left t knees were used which were left open for natural healing. The defects were analyzed at 90, 120 and 180 days after surgery. After euthanasia, the knees were removed and fixed in Bouin's solution for later digital photographic documentation with a digital camera. The areas healed were measured in both the study and control groups using the images obtained from an Image-J® program. Statistical analysis was conducted using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the means of the healed areas in the study and control groups at 90, 120 and 180 days after surgery. CONCLUSION: The dimension of the healed areas of the defects treated with the biopolymer sugar-cane gel in the study group was similar to those of the control group, which healed naturally.

Environmental Degradation, Tropical Diseases, and Economic Development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Luke Gallup
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

It’s complicated. Tropical diseases have unusually intricate life cycles because most of them involve not only a human host and a pathogen, but also a vector host. The diseases are predominantly tropical due to their sensitivity to local ecology, usually due to the vector organism. The differences between the tropical diseases mean that they respond to environmental degradation in various ways that depend on local conditions. Urbanization and water pollution tend to limit malaria, but deforestation and dams can exacerbate malaria and schistosomiasis. Global climate change, the largest environmental change, will likely extend the range of tropical climate conditions to higher elevations and near the limits of the tropics, spreading some diseases, but will make other areas too dry or hot for the vectors. Nonetheless, the geographical range of tropical diseases will be primarily determined by public health efforts more than climate. Early predictions that malaria will spread widely because of climate change were flawed, and control efforts will probably cause it to diminish further. The impact of human disease on economic development is hard to pin down with confidence. It may be substantial, or it may be misattributed to other influences. A mechanism by which tropical disease may have large development consequences is its deleterious effects on the cognitive development of infants, which makes them less productive throughout their lives.

Hemostatic Changes After Plasma Exchange Therapy For Fulminant Hepatic Failure

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Takata ◽  
S Kusumi ◽  
K Fujimura ◽  
A Kuramoto
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Exchange ◽  
Fulminant Hepatic Failure ◽  
Hepatic Failure ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitor ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Hepatic Necrosis ◽  
Plasma Exchange Therapy ◽  
Post Transfusion Hepatitis ◽  
Bedside Diagnosis ◽  
And Control

Although it is well known that fulminant hepatic failure (FHF)might be often complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), its bedside diagnosis and control are rather confused. Hemostatic change after replacement therapy might be helpful to distinguish wheather the abnormal clotting tests are owing to the defects of protein synthesis or to excessive consumption. A 38-year-old woman with relapse of acute myeloblastic leukemia and FHF(post-transfusion hepatitis, type of non-A,non-B) received 2 courses of plasma exchange therapy (4 and 3L) using Hemonetics M-30 with 6,000 U/day of heparin sodium continuous i.v. and died on 4th hospital day. Postmortem necropsy revealed massive hepatic necrosis and fibrin thrombi in kidneys. Before the beginning of plasma exchange, results of bedside tests were as follow;platelets 44×109/l(decreased from 240 within a week ), PT over 90", aPTT 26", fibrinogen 120 mg/dl and serum FDP 10 mcg/ml. Serial observations of hemostatic parameters 1, 4, 8 and 12 hours after the end of exchange therapy disclosed that apparent half life time of each factors were remarkably shortened. For example, T 1/2 of factor I, E, VE, XI, antithrombin EE (AT IE) and alpha-2 plasmin inhibitor(AP) were 4, 14.5, 1-5, 4.7, 15 and 2.6 hours, respectively. In crossed immunoelectrophoresis of AT III and AP, patient plasma showed abnormal peaks of each protein which were considered to be enzyme-inhibitor complexes. Plasminogen was not detected before therapy(0 % by S-2251 and less than 5 % by Rocket IEP) in spite of AP remaining (16 % by S-2251, 25 % by Rocket IEP) and FDP was elevated to 80 mcg/ml at 4 hours after exchange. These findings indicated that, in some case of FHF, FDP did not increase because of absence of plasminogen even if accompanied with DIC.

Cryptosporidium and Giardia as Agents of Foodborne Disease

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 451-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES L. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Foodborne Disease ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Body Contact ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks ◽  
And Control ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Infections by the protozoan parasites of the genera Cryptosporidium and Giardia can be asymptomatic or cause gastroenteritis in immunocompetent people. However, in immunocompromised individuals, the infections can be more severe and even life threatening. Both parasites are common waterborne pathogens, but on occasion they may be foodborne or transmitted by body contact. In this review, several aspects of Cryptosporidium and Giardia are discussed including their life cycles, resistance to physical and chemical agents, routes of transmission to humans, the nature of the disease caused by the parasites, and detection of the organisms in water, feces, and food. Documented incidents in which Cryptosporidium or Giardia contaminated foods were implicated as cause of gastroenteritis are discussed to illustrate conditions leading to foodborne outbreaks and to suggest means of prevention and control of the parasites when present in foods.

The Biology and Control of the Sugar-cane Chafer Beetles in Tanganyika

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Jepson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
And Control ◽  
Clemora Smithi

The principal pest of sugar-cane in northern Tanganyika is the Red Cane Beetle, Cochliotis melolonthoides (Gerst.) (Melolonthidae). Descriptions of adults and larvae of Cochliotis and of allied beetles found in the same area are given.The bionomics of Cochliotis have been studied in the field over two seasons. The life-cycle is annual with adult swarming in early October and a season of maximum larval damage in July–August.The intensity of infestation and the nature of the losses are discussed, and the mortality factors which act upon Cochliotis in nature are reviewed.Cultural control measures suggested include the deferment of planting until July to October, when larval activity has waned; introduction of quick-maturing varieties, mechanically cultivated so that long ratooning can be gradually eliminated; regulation of the water table by control of irrigation, and the trial of resistant varieties. The Mauritius varieties M. 134/32 and M. 165/38 are suggested in this connection.Biological control is discussed and a review of the parasite species that might possibly be introduced is made largely from the writer's Mauritius work on Clemora smithi (Arr.).Experiments in the chemical control of Cochliotis are described and the final recommendation is the application at planting of ½ lb. per 50 ft. of furrow of a BHC powder containing 2·5 per cent, of γ BHC. This practice has been adopted by the infested estate with successful results in virgins and first ratoons.Further work is suggested on the chemical protection of second and later ratoons by surface application of BHC or aldrin.

Hierarchical Modular Structures and Their Mechanical Characteristics

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kishimoto ◽  
M. C. Natori
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Hierarchical Assembly ◽  
Mathematical Algorithm ◽  
Hexagonal Shape ◽  
Internal Forces ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control ◽  
Modular Structures

Future structure systems need adapatability to various changes from the viewpoint of total cost for their missions. In order to introduce such adaptability into artificial structure systems, their future concepts with autonomous life cycles are discussed, which are typical features of things in nature. To realize such concepts hierarchical modular structures are proposed and studied. They consist of a number of basic modules, which are assembled with hierarchical assembly rules. A mathematical algorithm extended from the one for fractal formations is introduced, which keeps their basic property of geometrical symmetry. Some examples of hierarchical modular structures composed of basic modules with hexagonal shape are illustrated. Their mechanical characteristics such as characteristic frequencies and distributions of internal forces under some boundary conditions are also calculated. It is shown that the hierarchical modular structures are able to provide systematically various structures based on required mechanical properties and control strategies, which means they can easily construct various structure systems fitted to wide environments and their changes.

The Salience of Market, Bureaucratic, and Clan Controls in the Management of Family Firm Transitions: Some Tentative Australian Evidence

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Moores ◽  
Joseph Mula
Keyword(s):  
Family Firms ◽  
Family Firm ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Family Businesses ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Nationwide Study ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Australian Family ◽  
And Control

Despite the numerical and economic significance of family businesses to Australia, they are not extensively researched. This paper reports some of the results from a nationwide study of Australian family-owned businesses that sought to ascertain and understand their management and control practices. In particular, the paper assesses the organizational transitions of Australian family firms in terms of their dominant control practices. These control measures are evaluated according to Ouchi's classification of market, bureaucratic, and clan controls. The salience of these different forms of control serves to identify distinctive patterns that define periods of organizational passage (life cycles).

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