Toward a History of Rights in the City at Night: Making and Breaking the Nightly Curfew in Nineteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-134
Author(s):  
Amy Chazkel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
The City

AbstractDuring much of the nineteenth century, Rio de Janeiro, the Brazilian capital, was under a selective curfew that made it a crime to be in the city's public spaces after dark. The curfew bent normal rules and attenuated supposedly universal rights, overtly discriminating between people on the basis of class and race. Rules that legally defined the nighttime did not come from any national statute, or from newly independent Brazil's liberal Constitution (1824) or its Criminal Code (1830). Instead, Rio's nocturnal sociolegal world was the product of police edicts, on-the-ground policing practice, and city ordinances. It also emerged from the actions of people who used the darker hours for work, play, and resistance against oppression, especially members of the city's immense enslaved population and the growing number of free persons of African descent. In other words, this is a phenomenon of urban governance that allows, and indeed forces us to look beyond the nineteenth-century nation-state to understand the exercise of power at a local level. This article explores how the curfew established patterns and means of limiting the basic freedom to move about the city. It was at night when both the necessity and fragility of what jurists in Brazil called the “freedom to come and go” came into view. The daily transition between day and night enacted juridical changes that, although invisible at the national level, fundamentally shaped the social categories that determined people's places in society in ways that historical research has yet to explore.

THE FALL OF SAWAHLUNTO (Studi tentang Pengaruh Gejolak Ekonomi-Politik Global terhadap Perkembangan sebuah Kota Lokal, 1930-1940an)

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
Dedi Arsa
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Pacific War ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Political Turmoil ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
The City

Sawahlunto is a mining town that enjoyed the glory due to coal exploitation by the Dutch colonial government which began in the 1880s. But in the early 1930s to the end of the 1940s, triggered by successive world economic crises (malaise) and various political upheavals during and some time after the Pacific War, this city has experienced a number of long downturns. This paper looks at the effect of economic decline and political turmoil on a city, in this case the City of Sawahlunto as a mining city. Using modern historical methods (historiography, interpretation, interpretation and writing), with an approach to the history of the city, this article reveals several things: First, in the 1930s, due to the world's crisis, coal production was dimming, this caused no new development of the city. Second, in 1942 the Pacific War took place, Japan ruled over the mining company, and Sawahlunto became worse off. Third, after Indonesia gained its independence until the end of the 1960s, Sawalunto did not receive significant improvements, except for a few rebuilt infrastructures. Thus, economic sluggishness and political riot at the global [and national] level have had a direct influence on a city at the local level.

De keizer en de adelaar : Materiële cultuur uit de tijd van Napoleon in Dordrecht, 1810-1813

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-498
Author(s):  
Marianne Eekhout
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Dutch Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Coats Of Arms

Abstract The emperor and the eagle. Material culture from Napoleon’s reign in Dordrecht, 1810-1813During Napoleon Bonaparte’s reign as king and emperor of the Netherlands (1810-1813) the Napoleonic eagle had a prominent place in Dutch society. Coats of arms were changed and civic symbols were altered to fit the new regime. But what happened to these symbols when Napoleon’s occupation was over? Were they destroyed, as in France, or was there a different way of looking at Napoleonic symbolism? On a national level the Netherlands attempted to forget the period 1810-1813. As this article argues, events were remembered very differently at a local level. As the case study of Dordrecht proves, objects related to the visit of Napoleon to the city in 1811, and to his reign in general, remained in circulation there. Private stories connected to 1811 secured a place for a seemingly negative episode in the history of Dordrecht. Moreover, the visit created feelings of civic and military pride in the same way that independence did in 1813.

Emotional Cities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Ben Prestel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
Urban History ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
Global Capital ◽  
Dynamic Transformation ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

Between 1860 and 1910, Berlin and Cairo went through a period of dynamic transformation. During this period, a growing number of contemporaries in both places made corresponding arguments about how urban change affected city dwellers’ emotions. In newspaper articles, scientific treatises, and pamphlets, shifting practices, such as nighttime leisure, were depicted as affecting feelings like love and disgust. Looking at the ways in which different urban dwellers, from psychologists to revelers, framed recent changes in terms of emotions, this book reveals the striking parallels between the histories of Berlin and Cairo. In both cities, various authors associated changes in the city with such phenomena as a loss of control over feelings or the need for a reform of emotions. The parallels in these arguments belie the assumed dissimilarity between European and Middle Eastern cities during the nineteenth century. Drawing on similar debates about emotions in Berlin and Cairo, the book provides a new argument about the regional compartmentalization of urban history. It highlights how the circulation of scientific knowledge, the expansion of empires, and global capital flows led to similarities in the pasts of these two cities. By combining urban history and the history of emotions, this book proposes an innovative perspective on the emergence of different, yet comparable cities at the end of the nineteenth century.

scholarly journals A tuberculose na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e o teste da vacina BCG em escolares de escolas públicas (1933-1935)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Mariza Da Gama Leite de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Social History ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
School Students ◽  
Public School Students ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Keywords Tuberculosis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

O artigo destaca os maiores desafios da Instrução Pública Primária na cidade do Rio de Janeiro no início do século XX quando era capital federal. Nesse período emergiram debates envolvendo médicos e profissionais de diversas áreas da sociedade em torno de questões educacionais e sanitárias. As principais fontes utilizadas são a revista A Escola Primária e o relatório do médico Alvimar de Carvalho sobre o teste da vacina BCG, ambos do acervo da Biblioteca Nacional. Como aporte teórico, utilizam-se as possibilidades abertas pela nova história política (RÉMOND, 2003) e o auxílio da observação microscópica (GINZBURG, 1990), o que permite restaurar personagens e processos através dos indícios deixados pelos sujeitos históricos. As descobertas realizadas pelo estudo empreendido traduzem a importância do uso de fontes e de métodos variados no resgate da história das instituições escolares e sua intercessão com a história política e social.Tuberculosis in the city of Rio de Janeiro and the BCG vaccine test in public school students (1933-1935). The article highlights the major challenges of Primary Public Education in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the early 20th century, when it was the federal capital. In this period, debates involving physicians and professionals from various areas of society emerged around educational and health issues. The main sources used are: the magazine A Escola Primária and the report of the doctor Alvimar de Carvalho on the BCG vaccine test, both from the collection of the National Library. As a theoretical contribution, the possibilities opened by the new political history (RÉMOND, 2003) and the aid of microscopic observation (GINZBURG, 1990) are used to restore characters and processes through the clues left by historical subjects. The findings of the study show the importance of the use of varied sources and methods in the rescue of the history of school institutions and their intercession with political and social history.  Keywords: Tuberculosis, Primary Public Education of Rio de Janeiro, Alvimar de Carvalho, Instituto Ferreira Vianna, "The Primary School" Magazine.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Anthropocene and Capitalocene Caused Pandemics

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Madhusudan Subedi
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Global Effect ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fundamental Causes ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come

  Most epidemiological studies focus on the direct causes of diseases while wider, social causal factors are ignored. This paper briefly highlights the history of major epidemics and the role of Anthropocene and Capitalocene for the emergence and reemergence of pandemics like COVID-19. Books, journal articles, and statistics offer information that can explain the phenomena. A historical inquiry can inform us about the fundamental causes of pandemics. Human security and ecology are intertwined, and the global effect of pandemics responded to at the national level is inadequate. The lessons from the past and present help us devise effective ethically and socially appropriate strategies to mitigate the threats. If the present crisis is not taken seriously at the global level, the world has to face more difficult challenges in years to come.

Sociocultural History of Rio de Janeiro

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Cruz Terra ◽  
Marcelo de Souza Magalhães
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Common People ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sociocultural History ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Political Associations ◽  
The City

The city of Rio de Janeiro underwent profound changes between 1870 and the early 20th century. Its population grew dramatically, attracting migrants not only from abroad but also from other regions of Brazil. It also expanded significantly in size, as the construction of trolley and railway lines and the introduction of real estate capital powered the occupation of new areas. Meanwhile, urban reforms aimed at modernization transformed the social ways in which urban space was used. During this period, Rio de Janeiro went from being the capital of the Brazilian Empire to being the capital of the Brazilian Republic. It nevertheless maintained its position as the cultural, political-administrative, commercial, and financial center of the country. Against this backdrop of change, the city was an important arena for the political struggles that marked the period, including demonstrations in favor of abolition and the republic. Rio de Janeiro’s citizens were not inert during this period of transformation, and they found various ways to take action and fight for what they understood to be their rights. Protests, demands, petitions, and a vibrant life organized around social and political associations are examples of the broad repertoire used by the city’s inhabitants to gain a voice in municipal affairs. Citizens’ use of public demands and petitions as a channel to communicate with the authorities, and especially with city officials, shows that while they did not necessarily shun formal politics, they understood politics to be a sphere for dialogue and dispute. The sociocultural history of Rio de Janeiro during this period was therefore built precisely through confrontations and negotiations in which the common people played an active role.

Urban Formalism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Faflik
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New York ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
The West ◽  
Urban Experience ◽  
Street Protest ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Form ◽  
The City

Urban Formalism radically reimagines what it meant to “read” a brave new urban world during the transformative middle decades of the nineteenth century. At a time when contemporaries in the twin capitals of modernity in the West, New York and Paris, were learning to make sense of unfamiliar surroundings, city peoples increasingly looked to the experiential patterns, or forms, from their everyday lives in an attempt to translate urban experience into something they could more easily comprehend. Urban Formalism interrogates both the risks and rewards of an interpretive practice that depended on the mutual relation between urbanism and formalism, at a moment when the subjective experience of the city had reached unprecedented levels of complexity. What did it mean to read a city sidewalk as if it were a literary form, like a poem? On what basis might the material form of a burning block of buildings be received as a pleasurable spectacle? How closely aligned were the ideology and choreography of the political form of a revolutionary street protest? And what were the implications of conceiving of the city’s exciting dynamism in the static visual form of a photographic composition? These are the questions that Urban Formalism asks and begins to answer, with the aim of proposing a revisionist semantics of the city. This book not only provides an original cultural history of forms. It posits a new form of urban history, comprised of the representative rituals of interpretation that have helped give meaningful shape to metropolitan life.

Urban mobility in the Olympic City: a "transportation revolution" in Rio de Janeiro?

TERRITORIO ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Rodrigues Juciano Martins
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mega Sports Events ◽  
The City ◽  
Vulnerable Population Groups

In the next few years Brazil will receive the largest sum of investment in urban transport in the history of the country for the coming mega sports events. Theoretically, these investments should address the transport crisis that Brazilian cities are experiencing. The paper shows that the issue of transportation is present on the public agenda and in planning connected with mega events in strictly engineering terms. The ‘question of urban transportation' is introduced and a discussion is given of its connection with the preparation of cities for the mega sports events starting with Rio de Janeiro. Here the huge resources involved will probably have deep impacts on urban dynamics and on the socio-spatial configuration of the city without, however, providing solutions to the long standing transportation problems of the more vulnerable population groups.

The Legacy of the ‘Edinburgh Lamarckians’

2019 ◽  
pp. 156-195
Author(s):  
Bill Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Medical Student ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

The penultimate chapter looks at the longer-term impact of the efflorescence of evolutionary speculation in early-nineteenth-century Edinburgh on later generations of natural historians. First it examines the evangelical reaction against progressive models of the history of life and its role in the eclipse of the ‘Edinburgh Lamarckians.’ Next it examines to the evolutionary theory proposed by Robert Chambers in his anonymously published Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (1844) to assess its possible debt to the Edinburgh transformists of the 1820s and 1830s. Finally it turns to the important question of the possible influence of the ‘Edinburgh Lamarckians’ on Charles Darwin during his time as a medical student in Edinburgh in the years 1825 to 1827, during which period he rubbed shoulders with many of the key proponents of evolutionary ideas in the city.

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