The Separation of State and Religion in the Development of Early Islamic Society

1975 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira M. Lapidus
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Communal Life ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Early Islamic ◽  
Islamic Society

Islamic studies progress. In recent years a great deal of work has been done on the Umayyad period, on the early history of Shi‘ism, and on the origins of the Muslim schools of law. A broader current of research has yielded numerous studies of the ‘ulamâ’ and their place in Muslim religious and communal life. New historical information and new points of view are gradually modifying received perspectives on Muslim religious movements and on the nature of Muslim religious elites.

Islam in Champa and the Making of Factitious History

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN G. HAW
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Early History ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Islamic

AbstractSince their first publication in 1922, two Islamic inscriptions formed an essential basis of the early history of Islam in Champa. Recently, however, they have been shown to have originated, not from Southeast Asia, but from Tunisia. It is clear that either there was an error regarding their provenance, or it was deliberately falsified. The implications of this are discussed, and the remaining evidence of early Islamic presence in Champa is reassessed. It is suggested that there is now no good evidence of any Islamic presence there until after the sixteenth century. In relation to this issue, the maritime links between China and the Islamic world are examined, as also are other examples of possible falsification of history.

scholarly journals Latar Belakang Pemikiran dan Kiprah Seyyed Hossein Nasr

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-146
Author(s):  
Titin Nurhidayati
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Modern Art ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Islamic Society

Seyyed Hossein Nasr is one of the Muslims who has expertise in the field of Islamic studies that penetrates scientific barriers to explore Islam as an objective and honest study. His reputation as Professor in the study of the history of science and philosophy shows the depth and sharpness of his thinking. Seyyed Hossein Nasr gave many criticisms of the reality of modern humans today from various aspects. One focus of his criticism is the problem of the phenomenon of modern art which is developing rapidly to all parts of society, including Islamic society. Nasr is also one of the spokespersons of Islam in the West who has been persistent in voicing traditionalism ideas to fortify the flow of modernization that has damaged the joints of the noble traditions of society, especially Islam.

scholarly journals Scientific and education project “Ukraine South” of the Ukrainian Institute of National Memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olha Yurchenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early History ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Education Project ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Educational Project ◽  
National Memory ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Southern Ukraine

The article considers and analyzes the information activities of the Ukrainian Institute of National Memory, the framework of the scientific-educational project “Ukrainian South” (2020-2021), dedicated to revealing little-known pages of the history of Southern Ukraine and refuting Russian imperial myths about this region. Within the framework of the project, historical information-analytical materials on this issue and information on the time of foundation of the southern Ukrainian cities of Dnipro, Mariupol, Pervomaisk, Ovidiopol, Odesa were prepared. With the support of the Ukrainian Institute of National Memory, a collective monograph “Essays on the history of the development of southern Ukraine in the XV-XVIII centuries” was published in a circulation of 600 copies. The monograph reveals various aspects of the history of settlements in the southern region during this period and the mechanisms of symbolic appropriation of space used by the Russian Empire. In December 2020, the monograph was presented in Kyiv, Dnipro and Odesa (including online due to the spread of the coronavirus epidemic). A series of animated videos about the history of steppe Ukraine under the general name “South without myths” has been created. The series includes 5 videos: 1) “Ukrainian South. History of Bіlhorod-Dnistrovsky”; 2) “Ukrainian South. I am a Mazepa admirer”; 3) “Ukrainian south. Early history of Odesa”; 4) “Ukrainian south. The Nekrasov Cossacks”; 5) “Ukrainian South. Khan Ukraine’. The videos were released in January-February 2021.

The Crisis of the Imamate and the Institution of Occultation in Twelver Shiʿism: A Sociohistorical Perspective

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Said Amir Arjomand
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Early History ◽  
Stable System ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twin Crisis

The formative period of Imami Shiʿism from the mid-8th century to the mid-10th century remains obscure in many respects. This study is an attempt to organize the historical information about the period around a central problematic: the twin crisis of the nature of the Imamate and the succession to this office. The crisis of the Imamate and the efforts to resolve it serve as a focal point for constructing a conceptually coherent overview of these two formative centuries from a sociohistorical perspective. This perspective requires that the endeavors to create a stable system of authority in Imami Shiʿism be considered in the context of the social change and politics of the early ʿAbbasid era: ʿAlid–ʿAbbasid relations, massive conversion of the population of Iran to Islam, and the dialogue and competition between Shiʿism and other contemporary religious and intellectual trends and movements. Our approach suggests a new periodization of the early history of Imami Shiʿism.

Turkish Archival Sources for West African History

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Martin
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Political System ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
West African ◽  
Early History ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
African History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Islamic Society

About 1960, the study of West African history took a new turn as historians became aware of the interest and value of Islamic sources for their work, particularly manuscript materials in Arabic. To be sure, the use of Arabic sources for the history of West Africa is nothing new: in 1841, W. Des-borough Cooley published his The Negroland of the Arabs Examined and Explained; or, an Inquiry into the Early History and Geography of Central Africa. But Cooley's pioneering book was discounted by later British and American writers on Africa as the work of an eccentric. In the 1880's and 1890's, many of these writers were spellbound by their vision of what Christianity might do for the African, while others were preoccupied by what they deemed to be the morally indefensible activities of the Muslims as slave-raiders and traders in West and East Africa. As late as the 1930's, the well-known British anthropologist C. K. Meek indicted Islam in northern Nigeria when he wrote: “The institution of slavery is a pivotal feature of Islamic society, and we are justified with charging Muhammadanism with the devastation and desolation in which Northern Nigeria was found at the beginning of this century.” Other writers, like Sir A.C. Burns for Nigeria, and A. W. Cardinall and W. E. F. Ward for Ghana, dismissed the Islamic side of West African history in few words, or gave it no mention at all. There were other reasons for this lack of emphasis. In northern Nigeria, for example, many British officials were apprehensive of an outbreak of “Mahdism” among the Muslims; and very frequently, French officials looked on Islam as a rival political system, dangerous and potentially subversive.

scholarly journals Suicide Terrorism: Menelusuri Justifikasi Fikih dalam Literatur Jihad Kontemporer

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 341
Author(s):  
Rusli Rusli
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
Suicide Terrorism ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Old Men ◽  
Islamist Movements

Abstract: This paper deals with the issue of suicide terrorism or suicidal bombing which has been used as a serious tactic by terrorist organizations or radical and puritan religious movements. The motive behind this kind of action varies greatly, ranging from religious, cultural, political, to social issues. In the literatures on jiha>d, there are various points of view regarding the legality and validity of suicidal attack. First, those who allow this act and regard it as a part of the tactic and strategy of jiha>d, such as radical islamist movements (Salafi-jiha>dists). Second, those who allow it on several conditions, such as Salafi-intellectual (salafiyyah ‘ilmiyyah) and Salafi-reformists (salafiyyah is}la>hiyyah). Third, those who prohibit this act absolutely, such as Salafi-wahha>bists (salafiyyah wahha>biyyah), who based their arguments on the assumption that this is regarded as the act that is prohibited in Islam, and there is no legal precedence in the history of Islamic law that allows the attack to civil people (women, children, and old men) and non-military targets.

scholarly journals Tradisi Hagiografi Sufi Yasawî: Relasi Tasawuf dan Politik

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Asmawi Asmawi
Keyword(s):  
Historical Study ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Communal Life ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
Descriptive Account ◽  
History Of ◽  
Integrative Method ◽  
Holy Man ◽  
Written Sources

<p><em>Every method and approach in Islamic Studies currently available to us has</em></p><p><em>weaknesses in looking at religious data. For that reason, efforts to find better and more</em></p><p><em>integrative method are needed. One of the approaches that might be useful for Islamic</em></p><p><em>Studies is historical approach. Sufism in the meantime, has become an important part</em></p><p><em>of the history of Islam. Nonetheless, it is only recently that Sufism–as well as its origin,</em></p><p><em>change and development- become a subject of historical study. Hagiography has also</em></p><p><em>become a new trend in the historical study of Sufism. And one of the Sufis whose</em></p><p><em>hagiography has become an important subject of study is that of Ahmad Yasafi, a Sufi of</em></p><p><em>16</em><em>th </em><em>– 17</em><em>th </em><em>century. Hagiography is a kind of written sources that narrate the life of a</em></p><p><em>supposedly holy man and the legends related to him. According to Devin Dewees, the</em></p><p><em>hagiography of Ahmad Yasawi portrays the man’s personal and communal life, his</em></p><p><em>patronage with the ruler, the rituals of his tar</em><em>î</em><em>qah, and the legends related to him and his</em></p><p><em>order. This article –using historical approach- is a descriptive account of Ahmad Yasawi’s</em></p><em>hagiography.</em>

Tombstones, Texts, and Typologies: Seeing Sources for the Early History of Islam in Southeast Asia

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Lambourn
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Early History ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
Visual Content ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Islamic

AbstractThis article is a case study of an iconic symbol of Indonesian Islamization: the tombstones of al-Malik al-Sālih (d.696/1297 AD), believed to be the first Muslim Sultan of the polity of Samudra in Sumatra. The author questions the dominance of textualist approaches in Southeast Asian historical inquiry by applying the concept of the "integral cultural product"—in which text, visual content and material are equally important and interdependent. This fresh analysis suggests that al-Sālih's tombstones are actually later replacements for an older grave, so raising new questions about the construction of legitimacy and ancestry in early Islamic Southeast Asia. Cette contribution étudie un symbole de l'islamisation indonésienne: les pierres tombales d'al-Malik al-Sālih (décédé en l'an 696/1297 ap. J.-C.) réputé être le premier sultan musulman du royaume de Samudra à Sumatra. L'auteur conteste la dominance de la méthode textualiste dans les recherches historiques sur l'Asie du Sud-est en utilisant le concept de "produit culturel intégral": le texte, l'aspect extérieur et la matière, interdépendants, doivent être analysés globalement. Cette approche nouvelle suggère que les pierres tombales d'al-Malik al-Sālih seraient effectivement des substituts tardifs d'un tombeau plus ancien, ce qui soulève des interrogations sur la construction de la légitimité et de l'ascendance à l'aube de l'ère islamique en Asie du Sud-est.

Some early history of replica techniques for electron microscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1076-1077
Author(s):  
Robert M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Early History ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electron Microscopes

By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.

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