The Evolution of Territorial Conquest After 1945 and the Limits of the Territorial Integrity Norm

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Altman
Keyword(s):  
International Security ◽  
First Century ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
Comprehensive Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fait Accompli ◽  
Twenty First Century

AbstractPast studies conclude that a territorial integrity norm caused territorial conquest to decline sharply after 1945, virtually subsiding after 1975. However, using new and more comprehensive data on territorial conquest attempts, this study presents a revised history of conquest after 1945. Unlike attempts to conquer entire states, attempts to conquer parts of states remained far more common than previously recognized. More than conquest declined in frequency, its relationship with war evolved. Challengers attempting conquest before 1945 often initiated a war, then sought to occupy large territories. Today, challengers more often seize small regions, then attempt to avoid war. Adopting this strategy, the fait accompli, challengers increasingly came to target territories with characteristics that reduce the risk of provoking war—such as a low population and the absence of a defending military garrison—but challengers nonetheless take a calculated gamble. In part because seizures of smaller territories with such characteristics have not declined, the operative constraint appears to be against war-prone aggression, not territorial revision. The evolution of conquest is a symptom of war's decline, not its cause. Most of the evidence that the territorial integrity norm suppressed conquest or war withers under investigation with new data. Attempts to get away with seizing small pieces of territory are likely to be a defining element of the twenty-first-century international security landscape.

History of Recording Demotic Epigraphy

2020 ◽  
pp. 491-507
Author(s):  
Jan Moje
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Rosetta Stone ◽  
Roman Egypt ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century

This chapter gives an overview of the history of recording and publishing epigraphic sources in Demotic language and script from the Late Period to Greco-Roman Egypt (seventh century bce to third century ce), for example, on stelae, offering tables, coffins, or votive gifts. The history of editing such texts and objects spans over two hundred years. Here, the important steps and pioneering publications on Demotic epigraphy are examined. They start from the beginning of the nineteenth century, when Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt found the Rosetta stone, until the twenty-first century.

History of Warships from Ancient Times to the Twenty-First Century

1999 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 712
Author(s):  
Clark G. Reynolds ◽  
James L. George
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Twenty First Century

Random Pandemic Perambulations: A Brief History of Literary Walks in the Age of Corona

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 187-207
Author(s):  
Peter Arnds
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oriented Movement ◽  
Twenty First Century

This article focuses on the concept of randomness as the absence of goal-oriented movement in literary walks. The literature of walking displays the happenstance of adventure as one of the great antidotes to our inane, highly technologized, digitalized twenty-first-century lifestyle. In the end, however, such randomness may reveal itself as not so random after all, as the purpose of the journey, its inherent telos, discloses itself while travelling or in hindsight. This article provides brief glimpses into the history of literary walks to examine this tension between apparent randomness and the non-random. By drawing on a range of cultural theories and theorizations of travel and especially of walking, I look at literary foot travel in the nineteenth century, the Romantics and American Transcendentalists, some great adventure hikes in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, and the urban and rural flâneur. In doing so the article does not lose sight of the question of how we can instrumentalize the literature of walking for life during the current pandemic.

scholarly journals Relationship between international law and religion

Globus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mammadov ◽  
◽  
Zh. Mammadova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
First Century ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
History Of International Law

This article is devoted to the problems of mutual influence and interaction of international law and religion. In particular, it examines the development of international law and the sources of religion. In addition, which areas of international law are most developed under the influence of religious provisions. The history of international law knows various theories under which international law has improved. The article provides a detailed analysis of these theories and views, noting the institutions of international law that arose directly under the influence of religion. For example, it is noted that under the influence of Relia, the UN Charter codifies the basic principles of international law, etc. In addition, it shows the challenges of religion to international law and relations in the era of globalization in the twenty-first century, which led even to the undermining of modern international relations and traditional religious concepts caused by the " return of religion” in international relations; secondly, it presents and discusses the research path of religion and international relations. Finally, a brief analysis of the 2 impact of the global revival of religion and the ”return of religion" in international law and international relations has been carried out

The BBC Written Archives

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Kavanagh
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
British Broadcasting Corporation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century

Presents an history of the Written Archives at the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), stating that the Written Archives constitute the working papers of the Corporation from 1922 to the 1980s. Looks at present developments and how this will be managed into the twenty‐first century.

Dewey and Confucian Philosophy

2018 ◽  
pp. 552-574
Author(s):  
Roger T. Ames
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Moral Imagination ◽  
First Century ◽  
Technical Term ◽  
American Pragmatism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Confucian Philosophy ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Role Ethics

Perhaps the most important international relationship in the twenty-first century is that between America and China. Given the often delicate and sometimes underproductive history of the relationship between America and China broadly, this chapter argues that American pragmatism might serve as a vocabulary to promote a positive dialogue between these cultures at a moment in history when such a conversation is imperative. These commonalities provide a language introducing Confucian philosophy to the Western academy and also an external perspective from which to examine the presuppositions of our own worldview and common sense. The chapter compares the central Confucian notion of relationally constituted persons (ren 仁)— or human “becomings”—with Dewey’s technical term, “individuality.” It explores the centrality of moral imagination in Confucian role ethics and in Deweyan ethics and also concludes that these two traditions share the idea of a human-centered religiousness.

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