scholarly journals “Vagrancy” as an Adaptive Strategy: The Duchy of Brabant, 1767–1776

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Winter
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Migration History ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
As If ◽  
History And Theory

The study builds on a representative sample of more than 2,500 court cases against vagrants in the Duchy of Brabant between 1767 and 1776. Individual evidence on social background and whereabouts has been quantitatively processed to provide qualitative insight into the “why” and “how” of their movements. Transcending the judicial framework and historical and historiographical biases, these “vagrants” are shown to have displayed various patterns of mobility that fit intelligibly within the wider framework of migration history and theory. By exposing the varied scope of the concept of “vagrancy” in meaning and policy practice, the article argues against its continued ubiquitous (and often dismissive) use in historiography as if it refers meaningfully to a distinct marginal social category, which not only often reiterates the biases of a distorted elite view, but also obstructs a more unified and insightful understanding of patterns of migration in history.

An analysis of the forfeiture regime under the anti-money laundering law

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aspalella A. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Terrorism Financing ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose This paper aims to analyze the forfeiture regime under the Malaysian anti-money laundering law. Apart from discussing the relevant provisions, several court cases also were examined to identify the problems which arise in the implementation of such a powerful forfeiture regime. Design/methodology/approach This paper mainly relies on statutes and court cases as its primary sources of information. It is supported by secondary data to justify the analysis. This paper also used analytical descriptive approach to analyze relevant forfeiture provisions from statutes and to examine current court cases regarding the implementation of the forfeiture regime. Findings The Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Terrorism Financing and Proceeds of Unlawful Activities Act (AMLATFPUAA) provides comprehensive procedures for the forfeiture of criminal proceeds. Any limitations of the previous statutory legislations have been addressed, and more importantly, the AMLATFPUAA introduces more powerful and innovative measures that can facilitate the recovery of illegal proceeds from money laundering and any other serious crimes. The AMLATFPUAA also provides avenue for the bona fide third parties to contest the forfeiture order. However, it appears that such right is not easy to be enforced. Originality/value This paper provides an analysis of the forfeiture regime under Malaysian anti-money laundering laws. It is hoped that the content of this paper can provide some insight into this particular area for enforcement authorities, practitioners, academics, policymakers and legal advisers not only in Malaysia but also elsewhere. The findings of this paper also expose any weakness or lacunae in the aspects of application and implementation of the forfeiture regime. Thus, more effective and workable legal solution especially on the issue of civil forfeiture of criminal assets could be considered for further accomplishment.

Paradata in Documentation Standards and Recommendations for Digital Archaeological Visualisations

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-220
Author(s):  
Lisa Börjesson ◽  
Olle Sköld ◽  
Isto Huvila
Keyword(s):  
Research Data ◽  
Data Reuse ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
Processing History ◽  
International Harmonisation ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Current Standards ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
As If

Abstract Digitalisation of research data and massive efforts to make it findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable has revealed that in addition to an eventual lack of description of the data itself (metadata), data reuse is often obstructed by the lack of information about the datamaking and interpretation (i.e. paradata). In search of the extent and composition of categories for describing processes, this article reviews a selection of standards and recommendations frequently referred to as useful for documenting archaeological visualisations. It provides insight into 1) how current standards can be employed to document provenance and processing history (i.e. paradata), and 2) what aspects of the processing history can be made transparent using current standards and which aspects are pushed back or hidden. The findings show that processes are often either completely absent or only partially addressed in the standards. However, instead of criticising standards for bias and omissions as if a perfect description of everything would be attainable, the findings point to the need for a comprehensive consideration of the space a standard is operating in (e.g. national heritage administration or international harmonisation of data). When a standard is used in a specific space it makes particular processes, methods, or tools transparent. Given these premises, if the standard helps to document what needs to be documented (e.g. paradata), and if it provides a type of transparency required in a certain space, it is reasonable to deem the standard good enough for that purpose.

scholarly journals 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase thermolability is responsible for temperature-dependent melanogenesis inAeromonas salmonicidasubsp.salmonicida

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunqian Qiao ◽  
Jiao Wang ◽  
He Wang ◽  
Baozhong Chai ◽  
Chufeng Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Melanin Production ◽  
Water Fish ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractAeromonas salmonicidasubsp.salmonicida(A.s.s) is a major pathogen affecting fisheries worldwide. It is a well-known member of the pigmentedAeromonasspecies, which produces melanin at ≤ 22 °C. However, melanogenesis decreases as the culture temperature increases and is completely suppressed at 30-35 °C while bacterial growth is not affected. The mechanism and biological significance of this temperature-dependent melanogenesis are not clear. Heterologous expression of anA.s.s.4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HppD), the most crucial enzyme in the HGA-melanin synthesis pathway, results in thermosensitive pigmentation inEscherichia coli, suggesting that HppD plays a key role in this process. In the current study, we demonstrated that the extreme thermolability of HppD is responsible for the temperature-dependent melanization ofA.s.s.Substitutions in three residues, Ser18, Pro103, or Leu119 of HppD fromA.s.sincreases the thermolability of this enzyme and results in temperature-independent melanogenesis. Moreover, replacing the corresponding residues of HppD fromAeromonasmedia strain WS, which forms pigment independent of temperature, with those ofA.s.sHppD leads to thermosensitive melanogenesis. Structural analysis suggested that mutations at these sites, especially at position P103, can strengthen the secondary structure of HppD and greatly improve its thermal stability. In addition, we found that HppD sequences of allA.s.sisolates are identical and that two of the three residues are completely conserved withinA.s.sisolates, which clearly distinguishes these from otherAeromonasstrains. We suggest that this property represents an adaptive strategy to the psychrophilic lifestyle ofA.s.s.ImportanceAeromonas salmonicidasubsp.salmonicida(A.s.s) is the causative agent of furunculosis, a bacterial septicemia of cold water fish of theSalmonidaefamily. As it has a well-defined host range,A.s.shas become an ideal model to investigate the co-evolution of host and pathogen. For many pathogens, melanin production is associated with virulence. Although other species ofAeromonascan produce melanin,A.s.sis the only member of this genus that has been reported to exhibit temperature-dependent melanization. Here we demonstrate that thermosensitive melanogenesis inA.s.sstrains is due to the thermolability of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HppD). The strictly conservedhppDsequences amongA.s.sand the exclusive thermosensitive pigmentation of these strains might provide insight into the role of melanin in the adaptation to a particular host, and offer a novel molecular marker to readily differentiateA.s.sstrains from otherA. salmonicidasubspecies andAeromonasspecies.

Healing the ‘split’: trauma as a dynamic in psychosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Franco ◽  
Lindsey Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Paranoid Schizophrenia ◽  
Process Thought ◽  
False Self ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
As If

In this article, the first author uses an autobiographical account of a trauma she experienced and shows how, in her understanding, this led to her developing what was diagnosed as paranoid schizophrenia. The trauma forced her to accept a distortion of her understanding of reality, which, she explains, caused a split in her ego between the inner truth of the event and the imposed distortion. She considers Freud’s theory of how trauma develops and looks at how it applies to her case. Using Winnicott’s theory of there being a ‘false self’ in psychosis, she shows how a false self was formed out of the distortion. Bion’s understanding of the development of thought applied to trauma is used to give insight into how the mind finds it difficult to process thought when a trauma occurs and, using Brown’s understanding, she indicates how this is similar to what happens in psychosis. She utilizes Winnicott’s explanation of there being a trauma not lived through, as if not experienced, being present in psychosis and how the need to experience, ‘remember’, this trauma is for healing to take place. In conclusion, she argues how the reaching and establishing of the inner truth is what is needed for recovery to happen and for the split in the ego to heal.

Ethnic Differences in Language Skills: How Individual and Family Characteristics Aid and Prohibit the Linguistic Integration of Children of Immigrants

2018 ◽  
pp. 219-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Dollmann ◽  
Frida Rudolphi ◽  
Meenakshi Parameshwaran
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
Migration History ◽  
Vocational Success ◽  
Integration Of Immigrants ◽  
Linguistic Integration ◽  
Identify Formation

Proficiency in the language of a new country is perhaps the most important precondition for the successful integration of immigrants in various other integration aspects, like educational and vocational success, interethnic relations and ethnic identify formation. Explaining ethnic disparities in linguistic integration therefore has the potential to aid our understanding of ethnic differences along various other integration dimensions. In the present contribution, we first demonstrate substantial heterogeneity of adolescents’ language proficiency in four European countries depending on their ethnic origin and their migration history. In order to further understanding these differences we examine very different individual and family factors that can be hypothesised to influence language learning processes. Besides an influence of social background on language learning, we show that ethnic specific factors such as language use in the family are at least partly relevant for the language acquisition process.

scholarly journals A Translator’s Apologia

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Anne Malena
Keyword(s):  
Literary Translation ◽  
Guillermo Cabrera Infante ◽  
Suzanne Jill Levine ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
As If

Literary translators are often too shy to discuss their own practice. As the penury of translators’ prefaces would attest, they have assimilated the fidelity imperative only too well and, even though they may be masters at transforming the literal into the literary, they prefer to remain invisible behind their author as if only the latter were real and they merely fiction(al) workers. Such doesn’t appear to be the case for two translators of Tres Tristes Tigres by the Cuban writer Guillermo Cabrera Infante: the first, Albert Bensoussan, working in French and the author of Confessions d’un traître (PU de Rennes, 1995); the second, Suzanne Jill Levine, working in English and the author of The Subversive Scribe (Graywolf Press, 1991). While it is undeniable that their respective collaboration with authors of the calibre of Cabrera Infante must have played a large part in their desire to write of what must have been an unforgettable experience, this paper will focus on different questions in order to gain insight into the theorization by translators of their own practice: Why and how do both Bensoussan and Levine produce prize-winning translations of famously difficult and considered “untranslatable” works? Why, in spite of their success and ability to push translational creativity to its limits, are they ultimately incapable of dispelling a sense of betrayal? Rather than providing definitive answers, exploring these questions leads to reflect on possibly constant factors in literary translation and on teaching or evaluating translations as well as training translators.

Contra Academicos as autobiography: a critique of the historiography on Augustine's first extant dialogue

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-264
Author(s):  
Stuart Squires
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Intended Audience ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
As If

AbstractContra Academicos is not one of Augustine's masterpieces and, as such, modern scholarship has largely ignored this text in favour of examining Augustine's more mature works. Scholars do, however, attempt to use it as a way of interpreting Augustine's psychological state of mind at the time of his conversion because this is his first extant text. I argue that this attempt at reading Contra Academicos as autobiography is dangerous because Augustine was deliberately offering a self-representation to a pagan-philosophical audience and, therefore, scholars should not attempt to interpret this dialogue as if it offered neutral insight into Augustine's state of mind around 386. This article will first review the history of the scholarship which has attempted to read Contra Academicos as autobiography to prove that Augustine was only a Neoplatonist at the time of his conversion, or to disprove this theory. In either case, the authors of both positions have relied on Contra Academicos to support their claims. Then, I will make three arguments why reading Contra Academicos as autobiography is dubious. First, I will argue that the literary genre of the dialogue shows that Augustine's intended audience was for pagan-philosophers. Second, I will argue that the dedication of the text shows that Augustine's audience is a pagan-philosophical audience. Augustine's dedicatee plays a larger role in this text than do most dedicatees of texts in late antiquity. Third, I will show that the specific content demonstrates that Augustine's text was focused on a pagan-philosophical audience. Augustine never quotes scripture but goes to great pains to demonstrate his knowledge of Vergil and Cicero.

Changing Perceptions of Industrial Development in the North

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Bruce Cox
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Canadian Government ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
The North ◽  
River Region

This is a brief discussion of the issues at stake in the industrial development of the Mackenzie River region of Canada's North. In particular the essay focuses on the growing controversy surrounding a proposed natural gas pipeline from Alaska to Chicago via the Mackenzie and Northern Yukon. Native organizations in the Yukon and the Northwest Territories have begun to formulate their own policies toward industrial development—including pipelines—in their region. As might be expected, native views on the future of the North differ in important respects from policies formulated by the Canadian government or by international petroleum corporations. Recent court cases in the Northwest Territories and elsewhere will be examined in detail, with some consideration of their historical and social background, for evidence of changing native perceptions of northern development.

scholarly journals ZADANIA MUNICIPIUM W ŚWIETLE LEX IRNITANA. PRZYCZYNEK DO STUDIÓW NAD PRAWEM MUNICYPALNYM W STAROŻYTNYM RZYMIE

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Bronisław Sitek
Keyword(s):  
Local Authorities ◽  
Significant Similarity ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Legislative Power ◽  
Municipal Law ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
As If

Tasks of municipium in lex Irnitana. Studies on Municipal Law in Ancient RomeSummaryThe paper presents the tasks of municipium set in lex Irnitana. Inparticular it touches upon the questions of munera publica and the tasks ofmunicipality, cura annonae, local security, duties connected with privatetransactions, legations, public cult, legislature and administration ofjustice.The analysis of lex Irnitana provides an insight into the ancient conceptof municipium, viz., structure of a local society. It shared some elementswith the republican system, however, with alterations implied by the newpolitical regime. Although the idea of legal personality was not known inRoman law, municipium functioned as if it was a legal entity: it had organsandduties. Further analysis of lex Irnitana shows that local authorities had, to some extent, a legislative power, which was exercised by decuriones andduoviri. Aediles were responsible for the security on roads, at bazaars andtheatres. It is characteristic for the antiquity that local authorities had somejudiciary power, and duovirs adjudicated in less significant cases. Othertypes of cases were adjudicated by the governor of a province.Munera publica, that is public duties, were performed by the magistrate, since in Rome the idea of tasks of municipality was not known. It is possible to ascertain that there is a significant similarity between the range of tasks of local societies, especially municipalities, in Rome and the duties set forth in contemporary self-government bills. 

scholarly journals The Recuperation of Humanism in the Context of the Martial Society

Clotho ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-100
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Jerzak
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Narrative Medicine ◽  
Human Spirit ◽  
Founding Father ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Kurt Lewin ◽  
Humanist Tradition ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
As If

The humanist tradition developed in the Renaissance that not only cultivated the human spirit but applied its knowledge for the purpose of improving society across various humanist and scientific disciplines is not altogether extinct. Using the erudite Swiss physician and botanist Anton Schneeberger (1530–1581) as a founding father of sorts of modern humanist medicine confronted with war, I discuss the recuperation of humanism in the twentieth century, first in the thought of psychologist Kurt Lewin (1890–1947) who, under war circumstances, produced a work whose analytical acumen can still be used today, and subsequently in the creation of the discipline of narrative medicine that, unwittingly perhaps, echoes Schneeberger’s insight into the imperative of inserting storytelling into the practice of both patient- and physician-centered medicine. In the background of the argument is the existence of a new society, a martial society that functions as if there were war despite its ostensible state of peace.

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