scholarly journals The Principles of Immunity applied to Protective Inoculation against Diphtheria

1925 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 301-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Glenny
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Normal Animal ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Treated Animal ◽  
Great Contrast ◽  
Suitable Form ◽  
Previously Treated

When diphtheria toxin is injected in a suitable form and in sufficient quantity into an animal, antitoxin will presently appear in the blood. If the injection be made into an animal that has not previously received a stimulus there is a latent period of about three weeks before any antitoxin can be detected. The amount present in the blood gradually increases, reaching a maximum about eight weeks after the injection, and then a gradual fall in level of antitoxic content is seen. If, however, the same amount of the same antigen be injected into a previously treated animal, antitoxin appears in the circulation at a far greater rate. The latent period is only three days, and the maximum antitoxin level is reached in about eight days. The maximum level reached is from 10 to 100 times that reached after an injection into a normal animal. The two types of response are illustrated in Charts 1 and 2 and also in Chart 3, which shows the antitoxic content of a horse after two separate injections of a toxin antitoxin mixture. There is a great contrast between the extent and rapidity of the antitoxic response on the two occasions.

scholarly journals THE MECHANISM OF ANAPHYLATOXIN FORMATION

1914 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Jobling ◽  
William Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Cobra Venom ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Partial Removal ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Pig Serum

1. The unsaturated lipoids (serum antitrypsin) can be adsorbed from guinea pig serum, rabbit serum, and horse serum by kaolin, starch, agar, and bacteria. 2. Diphtheria toxin and cobra venom also reduce the serum antitrypsin, possibly because of their affinity for lipoids. 3. Anaphylatoxins represent sera rendered toxic by partial removal of serum antitrypsin. 4. The matrix of the protein split products lies in the serum proteins so exposed. 5. The amount of removal of serum antitrypsin depends on definite quantitative relations; very large amounts and very small amounts of adsorbing substances are least effective (kaolin, starch, and bacteria). 6. Bacteria previously treated with serum or with oils do not adsorb serum antitrypsin. 7. Bacteria treated with serum become more resistant to the action of trypsin.

scholarly journals Phase II clinical studies of denileukin diftitox diphtheria toxin fusion protein in patients with previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Cancer ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 106 (10) ◽  
pp. 2158-2164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur E. Frankel ◽  
Asha Surendranathan ◽  
Jennifer H. Black ◽  
Angela White ◽  
Kristen Ganjoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Fusion Protein ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Denileukin Diftitox ◽  
Previously Treated

scholarly journals Croonian Lecture.—The biological significance of anaphylaxis

1919 ◽  
Vol 90 (634) ◽  
pp. 556-557 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Significance ◽  
Normal Animal ◽  
Treated Animal ◽  
Hydrolytic Cleavage

Anaphylaxis was regarded by Richet, who first clearly recognised the phenomenon, as the opposite of immunity or “phylaxis.” At an interval of some weeks, after a first dose of any one of a group of poisonous proteins, the animal was found to be apparently much more susceptible to the action of the poison in question. Further investigation has shown that this suscepti­bility is not connected with the naturally poisonous properties of the substance used, but can be developed in relation to perfectly harmless protein substances, provided they are obtained from a different species and introduced into the system without hydrolytic cleavage. The sensitiveness is highly specific. It discriminates between corresponding substances from different species, between materials from different organs from the same species, and between individual proteins from the same organ. It can be transferred to a normal animal by blood or serum from an anaphylactic animal. In the nature of the substances producing it, in the limits of its specificity, and in the possi­bility of its transfer by serum from a treated animal, it shows a very suggestive correspondence with the type of immunity associated with “pre­cipitin” formation. A highly precipitating serum from an immunised animal confers anaphylaxis on a normal animal more readily, i. e ., in smaller dose, than serum from an animal itself anaphylactic. Nevertheless, the serum from an anaphylactic animal forms no visible precipitate with the antigen, and an animal whose serum has this obvious precipitating quality is not anaphylactic, but immune. Anaphylaxis is not so much the direct opposite of immunity as an anomalous concomitant of a certain phase in its develop­ment. An animal rendered anaphylactic to a naturally poisonous protein is immune to the natural poisonous action, but has acquired a new sensitiveness to it as a protein.

scholarly journals Notes on the Production of Immunity to Diphtheria Toxin

1921 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Glenny ◽  
H. J. Südmersen
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Primary Stimulus ◽  
Immunity Response ◽  
Striking Contrast ◽  
Secondary Stimulus

(a) Primary Stimulus. In animals possessing no normal antitoxin a single injection of toxin either “attenuated” or under cover of antitoxin, whether injected previously or at the same time or present in the form of passive immunity maternally transmitted, is followed by a latent period of about three weeks, and the maximum immunity is reached in about eight weeks.(b) Secondary Stimulus. In immune animals, whether naturally immune or artificially immunised, a single injection of toxin or of a toxin-antitoxin mixture is followed by a latent period of about four days and the maximum immunity is reached in about ten days; the great and rapid immunity response to the secondary stimulus offers a striking contrast to the small and gradual response to the primary stimulus.(c) Intermediate Stimulus. In partially immune animals the response to an injection of toxin is in magnitude and rapidity of a character intermediate between the responses following a primary and a secondary stimulus.

The Clinical, Roentgenological and Morphological Effects of an Acute Exposure of Phosgene on the Lungs of Dogs

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
R. F. Bils ◽  
W. F. Diller ◽  
F. Huth
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Lung Edema ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Electron Microscopes

Phosgene still plays an important role as a toxic substance in the chemical industry. Thiess (1968) recently reported observations on numerous cases of phosgene poisoning. A serious difficulty in the clinical handling of phosgene poisoning cases is a relatively long latent period, up to 12 hours, with no obvious signs of severity. At about 12 hours heavy lung edema appears suddenly, however changes can be seen in routine X-rays taken after only a few hours' exposure (Diller et al., 1969). This study was undertaken to correlate these early changes seen by the roengenologist with morphological alterations in the lungs seen in the'light and electron microscopes.Forty-two adult male and female Beagle dogs were selected for these exposure experiments. Treated animals were exposed to 94.5-107-5 ppm phosgene for 10 min. in a 15 m3 chamber. Roentgenograms were made of the thorax of each animal before and after exposure, up to 24 hrs.

Ultrastructure of mesotheliomas

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
Irving Dardick
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Spindle Cell ◽  
Spindle Cell Sarcoma ◽  
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Cell Sarcoma ◽  
Cytological Features ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Degree Of Differentiation

With the extensive industrial use of asbestos in this century and the long latent period (20-50 years) between exposure and tumor presentation, the incidence of malignant mesothelioma is now increasing. Thus, surgical pathologists are more frequently faced with the dilemma of differentiating mesothelioma from metastatic adenocarcinoma and spindle-cell sarcoma involving serosal surfaces. Electron microscopy is amodality useful in clarifying this problem.In utilizing ultrastructural features in the diagnosis of mesothelioma, it is essential to appreciate that the classification of this tumor reflects a variety of morphologic forms of differing biologic behavior (Table 1). Furthermore, with the variable histology and degree of differentiation in mesotheliomas it might be expected that the ultrastructure of such tumors also reflects a range of cytological features. Such is the case.

Immunoelectron microscopic localization of elastic tissue in archival material using an improved method

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 794-795
Author(s):  
J. C. Fanning ◽  
J. F. White ◽  
R. Polewski ◽  
E. G. Cleary
Keyword(s):  
Normal Animal ◽  
Animal Tissue ◽  
Elastic Tissue ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Immuno Electron Microscopy ◽  
Arteries And Veins ◽  
Biochemical Examination

Elastic tissue is an important component of the walls of arteries and veins, of skin, of the lungs and in lesser amounts, of many other tissues. It is responsible for the rubber-like properties of the arteries and for the normal texture of young skin. It undergoes changes in a number of important diseases such as atherosclerosis and emphysema and on exposure of skin to sunlight.We have recently described methods for the localizationof elastic tissue components in normal animal and human tissues. In the study of developing and diseased tissues it is often not possible to obtain samples which have been optimally prepared for immuno-electron microscopy. Sometimes there is also a need to examine retrospectively samples collected some years previously. We have therefore developed modifications to our published methods to allow examination of human and animal tissue samples obtained at surgery or during post mortem which have subsequently been: 1. stored frozen at -35° or -70°C for biochemical examination; 2.

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